Exam 2: Self Flashcards
1
Q
Self-Reference Effect
A
-Idea that it’s easier to remember things that relate to yourself
2
Q
Historical Changes in Self
A
- Self has become more complex
- Increased importance of self
- Increased pressures on self
3
Q
Past (Historical Changes)
A
- Self defined by family & social position
- Marriage arranged by parents/family
- Divorce not possible
- Careers determined early in life
- Stayed in one place
4
Q
Present (Historical Changes)
A
- Not constrained by extended family
- Choose relationships & can change
- Choose careers & can change
- Mobility
- Social status can change
5
Q
Self-Concept
A
- Set of beliefs people have about their personal attributes/traits
- Private Self: how you understand yourself
- Public Self: how you are perceived by others
- Collective Self: membership in social groups
- Cultures vary in the emphasis of each
6
Q
Western/Independent (Self-Concept)
A
- Independent = individualistic
- Emphasis on private self
- Value independence & uniqueness
- Behavior defined by own thoughts & feelings
- Emphasize separateness & autonomy
- Value sincerity, congruence between public & private
- Being true to yourself
7
Q
Eastern/Interdependent (Self-Concept)
A
- Interdependent = collectivist
- Emphasize public & collective selves
- Focus on conforming to the group
- Define self in relation to others
- Behavior determined by others’ thoughts, feeling, & behaviors
- Emphasize interconnectedness
- Behave properly, regardless of personal thoughts
- Concerned with norms of the group
8
Q
How Do We Come to Know Ourselves? (4)
A
- Introspection: thinking about the self
- Self-Perception Theory: understand our behavior by understanding others’
- Mindset About Self: growth vs. fixed
- Social Interactions
9
Q
Introspection (Know Ourselves)
A
- Thinking about the self
- Not frequent activity
Self-Awareness Theory
- Focus and reflect on & think about self
- Compare self to internal standard (who we wish to be)
- Discrepancy may be positive or negative
- If negative, seek to reduce discrepancy by changing behavior
- Or, feel bad about self & seek to avoid self-awareness
10
Q
Trait Self-Awareness (Self-Awareness Theory, Introspection, Know Ourselves)
A
- Personality
- Private self-consciousness: tendency to introspect/ruminate about self
- Public self-consciousness: attend to others’ perceptions of self
11
Q
State Self-Awareness (Self-Awareness Theory, Introspection, Know Ourselves)
A
- Increases inhibitions
- Increases honest behavior
- Increases correspondence between attitude and behavior
- Can perpetuate depression
12
Q
Introspecting Reasons for Self: Problems (Introspection, Know Ourselves)
A
- Analyzing reasons for feelings/behaviors can lead to attitude change/questioning
- May bring to mind reasons that are not accurate but easy to verbalize
- Convince self into believing that attitude matches the reasons
13
Q
Self-Perception Theory (Know Ourselves)
A
- Used to understand own behavior just as we understand others’ behavior
- When uncertain about attitude, observe own behavior and infer attitude
- Can be used to explain overjustification effect
14
Q
Overjustification Effect (Self-Perception Theory, Know Ourselves)
A
- When extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation
- When you already love doing something & then someone rewards you for it, you think that you don’t actually like it intrinsically
- If someone already enjoys/loves doing something, don’t reward them!
- Rewards are acceptable when…
a. there’s no intrinsic interest
b. performance dependent rather than task dependent (But can increase stress) - Can provide immunity to overjustification effect by focusing on intrinsic motivation
15
Q
Mindset About Self (Know Ourselves)
A
Entity Theory (Fixed)
- Ability is fixed, cannot be changed
- Goals are good performance outcomes
- Born with certain amount of ability
- If you don’t succeed, you believe you have no ability so you stop trying
- American culture/belief
Incremental Theory (Growth)
- Ability can be changed
- Goal is to learn
- Focus more on the process
- If you don’t succeed, you keep trying
- Asian culture/belief
