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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 3: Chapter 25: Circulation > Flashcards

Exam 3: Chapter 25: Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

blood supplies what to muscles?

A

oxygen

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2
Q

muscle is dependent on what for activity

A

ATP supply

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3
Q

during activity, muscles depend on what for their supply of ATP

A

oxygen

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4
Q

Blood pressure is important for production of

A

urine

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5
Q

Thermoregulation or vascular heat exchangers are important for

A

warm or cool weather

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6
Q

Circulation within the body moves…

A

blood, O2, CO2, nutrients, organic waster, hormones, immune system products, and heat

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7
Q

What is muscle tissue of the heart made of?

A

cardiac tissue known as myocardium

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8
Q

What are the 2 parts of the left side of the human heart?

A

a weakly muscular atrium and a strongly muscled ventricle

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9
Q

oxygenated blood is received from the _____ and sent to the _______.

A

received from the lungs and then sent to the body

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10
Q

Blood arrives to the left atrium via the _______.

A

pulmonary veins

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11
Q

Blood leaves the left ventricle via the ______.

A

systemic aorta

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12
Q

Blood returns to the heart via the ________.

A

venae cavae

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13
Q

where does blood enter the heart?

A

right atrium

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14
Q

Role of the right side of the heart:

A

pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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15
Q

After leaving the right ventricle, blood enters the ______.

A

pulmonary trunk, then to the pulmonary arteries and the lungs

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16
Q

During the beating of the heart there is contraction a (_______) and a relaxation (________).

A

systole; diastole

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17
Q

isometric contraction

A

the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant

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18
Q

When pressure of blood in the heart is high enough:

A

the aortic valve opens, and the blood is pushed from the ventricle

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19
Q

After blood enters the aorta, ventricular pressure drops and….

A

you have isovolumetric relaxation; next you have ventricular filling

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20
Q

What is the hearts most important feature?

A

cardiac output; the volume of blood it pumps per unit time; output of the left ventricle

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21
Q

cardiac output

A

HR x stroke volume

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22
Q

circulation must deliver…

A

oxygen to the myocardium

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23
Q

The ventricular myocardium is second only to the brain in its’ need for

A

aerobic catabolism and O2 demand

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24
Q

The heart muscle gets blood and O2 from

A

the coronary arteries

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25
Q

Blood goes to the ______ in the heart muscles and then enters the ________.

A

capillaries; coronary viens

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26
Q

Blockage of the coronary artery can cause a:

A

heart attack; O2 can’t get to the heart muscle, so the muscle quickly breaks down

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27
Q

The electrical impulses for heart contraction may originate in….

A

muscle cells or neurons

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28
Q

Depolarization of the muscle cell membranes causes

A

the contraction

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29
Q

myogenic vs. neurogenic

A

myogenic: electrical impulse to contract is in the muscle cells
neurogenic: impulse comes from nerve cells

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30
Q

vertebrate have what types of hearts

A

myogenic hearts

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31
Q

Muscle cells are electrically coupled by

A

gap junctions; occurs at intercalated discs

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32
Q

The pacemaker in mammals

A

sinoatrial node (SA), located above the right atrium

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33
Q

SA cells are specialized:

A

have a high frequency of depolarization, first cells to depolarize

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34
Q

Conduction:

A

the process whereby depolarization spreads through heart muscle cells

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35
Q

Conducting system pathway:

A

atrioventricular node (A-V node), A-V bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje cell fibers

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36
Q

a heart produces an electrical signature:

A

the electrocardiogram

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37
Q

voltage differences of the heart are recorded by

A

EKGs

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38
Q

P wave of EKG

A

made by heart muscle depolarization of the 2 atria (atrial contraction)

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39
Q

The QRS

A

comes from the depolarization of the 2 ventricles (ventricular contraction)

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40
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of the ventricles

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41
Q

Heart action is modulated by:

A

hormonal, nervous, and intrinsic controls

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42
Q

with fear our heart races, and these hormones are produces

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine; produced by the adrenal medullary glands

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43
Q

Connects from heart to CNS

A

some are sympathetic (excitatory) and parasympathetic (inhibitory) parts of the autonomic nervous system

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44
Q

with exercise, ________ stimulation is greater

A

sympathetic

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45
Q

intrinsic controls are things like:

A

the stretching of the heart muscle during contraction; increases force and allows the heart to match in input with the output

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46
Q

Frank-Starling mechanism:

A

present in vertebrates; allows the cardiac output to be synchronized with the venous return, arterial blood supply and humoral length, without depending upon external regulation to make alteration

47
Q

perfusion in the vascular system:

A

the forced flow of blood through the blood vessels

48
Q

Blood pressure:

A

the force moving the blood; measure in mm of mercury (mmHg)

49
Q

The greatest pressure during cardiac contraction:

A

the systolic pressure

50
Q

The lowest pressure:

A

the diastolic pressure during relaxation

51
Q

In resting young adults the systolic to diastolic pressure is:

A

120/75

52
Q

hydrostatic pressure:

A

present in vessels, increases with height; pressure in the leg arteries is greatest, much lower in the head and neck

53
Q

Factors that go into affecting blood flow; make up total fluid energy of the blood

A

potential energy of the beating heart, kinetic energy of the blood in motion, and potential energy of the blood as a result of the earth’s gravity

54
Q

Blood always moves from ___ to _____ total fluid energy

A

high to low

55
Q

The rate of blood flow depends on:

A

differences in blood pressure and on vascular resistance

56
Q

What regulates the rate of blood flow?

A

when muscles of the walls of a blood vessel changes the radius of the vessel by contracting or relaxing

57
Q

blood flow rate

A

∆P/R, where ∆P is the entry and exit BP and R is vascular resistance

58
Q

resistance relationship to vessel radius

A

resistance is inversely proportional to the vessel radius

59
Q

The dissipation of energy:

A

pressure and flow turn to heat during circulation of the blood

60
Q

laminar flow

A

the fluid in the center moves without resistance, whereas the fluid at the walls doesn’t move at all

61
Q

slipperiness

A

the viscosity of the fluid, contributes to flow

62
Q

high viscosity means:

A

greater friction, loss of kinetic energy, and heat production

63
Q

pressure is converted to

A

heat

64
Q

a drop in blood pressure from one point to another is a measure of

A

the energy cost of blood flow

65
Q

in arterioles and capillaries, BP:

A

drops a lot with blood flow

66
Q

Energy cost change in arterioles and capillaries

A

greater

67
Q

circulation has the lungs in series with

A

the systemic tissues; O2 delivery can be maximized to the systemic tissues

68
Q

mammals have a ______ circulatory system

A

closed

69
Q

each part of the systemic vascular system has distinctive

A

anatomical and functional features

70
Q

all vessels have a layer of _______ on the inside

A

vascular endothelium

71
Q

vascular endothelium may secrete:

A

nitric oxide or prostacyclin into the blood, or secrete hormones, degrade hormones, or have an immune role

72
Q

nitric oxide or prostacyclin functions

A

affect contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle and also may play a role in clotting

73
Q

thick walls of arteries function to:

A

handle high blood pressures and stretch

74
Q

Artery walls are thick with:

A

lots of smooth muscle and connective tissue

75
Q

Elasticity of arteries allows for

A

BP to be more stable

76
Q

arterioles and capillaries wall size

A

thinner; deal with lesser BP

77
Q

microcirculatory beds consist of 3 types of vessels:

A

arterioles, capillaries, and venules

78
Q

arterioles

A

smaller versions of arteries; have smooth muscle and connective tissue but are not as thick

79
Q

the smooth muscle in arterioles has a role in:

A

the vasomotor regulation of where blood is sent; vasoconstriction and dilation apply here

80
Q

arteriolar muscles are regulated by:

A

the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system

81
Q

circulation hormones and chemicals like NO (a vasodilator) are generated from the:

A

vascular endothelium

82
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

have a role in blood flow

83
Q

change of blood flow to skeletal muscle during exercise:

A

can increase by a factor of ten or more

84
Q

vasodilation and constriction allow for what time of blood flow regulation

A

sensitive temporal and spatial regulation

85
Q

capillaries:

A

once cell layer thick, just vascular endothelium, walls are fenestrated (have openings); aquaporins are present

86
Q

capillaries are the main location for:

A

the exchange of O2 and water, as well as other substances from the blood to the cells

87
Q

capillary density

A

important with high levels in skeletal muscle, brain, and heart muscle

88
Q

angiogenesis of capillaries

A

making new capillaries and is regulated by activators and inhibitors like paracrine chemicals

89
Q

venules carry

A

deoxygenated blood

90
Q

veins have

A

low BP and thin walls

91
Q

passive one-way valves help with

A

blood flow

92
Q

skeletal muscle contractions

A

help move blood

93
Q

veins are elastic:

A

can expand to hold blood

94
Q

mammals and birds have what type of circuit

A

high-pressure systemic circuit

95
Q

greater blood flow is needed for

A

increased demands of O2 transport

96
Q

BP and rate of flow decreases in the

A

arterioles and capillaries

97
Q

a closed circulatory system is:

A

energetically expansive

98
Q

blood plasma osmotic pressure

A

greater osmotic pressure than extracellular liquid; water tends to move into the blood from the extracellular tissues

99
Q

blood plasma proteins

A

a lot don’t cross membranes, makes plasma richer than liquid in tissues

100
Q

hydrostatic pressure of the blood

A

greater than tissues liquid; efflux occurs in the capillaries

101
Q

excess fluid goes to the

A

lymphatic system

102
Q

as blood enters the venules; pressure

A

decreases

103
Q

pulmonary system differences

A

low pressure system to keep the lungs “dry”; shorter, has less resistance, and is a low-pressure system

104
Q

if water left the blood i the lungs, it would result in

A

pulmonary edema

105
Q

during exercise, blood flow is increased by:

A

orchestrated changes in cardiac output and vascular resistance

106
Q

rate of O2 delivery =

A

cardiac output x (arterial O2 concentration - venous O2 concentration)

107
Q

during exercise in humans, venous blood is more _______ than at rest

A

more deoxygenated

108
Q

trained althetes changes

A

cardiac output is 6-7x resting, and resistance is reduced during exercise; BP is prevented from being too high

109
Q

what helps reduced resistance

A

vasodilation; more muscle capillaries are open and carrying blood

110
Q

endurance training increases capillaries where?

A

muscles

111
Q

How much cardiac output do human skeletal muscles recieve?

A

20% of cardiac output at rest and 80% with hard whole-body exercise; blood flow to internal organs is reduced by vasoconstriction

112
Q

smaller animals heart rate

A

higher to keep up with their demand for O2

113
Q

Giraffes BP

A

higher BP of 220 mmHg to get blood to their brains with a 1.6m neck

114
Q

vascular countercurrent exchangers

A

blood flowing from the body core to the periphery (like the legs & feet) carries heat that can be readily lost through the skin; example is to keep the testis cool in males

Mammalian Physiology (17 decks)

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