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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 2: Chapter 12: Neurons > Flashcards

Exam 2: Chapter 12: Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Whole-animal integration involves the combination of:

A

sensory, endocrine, and CNS information processes

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2
Q

What systems work together in different manners to control cells?

A

nervous system and endocrine system

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3
Q

Neuron communication (3 basics)

A

send electrical signals down axons to target cells; communication is fast and the distance is determined by the length of the axon

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4
Q

Signals transmitted to target cells will…

A

cause a response perhaps activating or inhibiting action of the cell

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5
Q

endocrine cell communication (3 basics in comparison to neuron communication)

A

hormones enter the blood stream and travel to a target cell; action is slow and can travel anywhere that blood vessels go

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6
Q

cells that are contacted by hormones must have

A

receptors for that specific hormone

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7
Q

target cells of hormones respond according to

A

the nature of the signal

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8
Q

neurons carry…

A

self-propagating electrical signals called action potential to their contacts

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9
Q

neuron signals are received at the _____

A

sypase, often present on dendrites

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10
Q

neurotransmitters travel across the _______

A

synaptic cleft between cells

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11
Q

neuron signals typically start where

A

cell body or soma

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12
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

consist of both the brain and the spinal cord

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13
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

consists of all nerves outside the CNS

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14
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons that carry data to the CNS

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15
Q

efferent neurons

A

start in the CNS and send instructions to target cells (muscles)

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16
Q

interneruons

A

interface between sensory and motor neurons; only in the CNS in the gray matter of the spinal cord

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17
Q

Signal may take ________ ms, and may have ____ signals per second

A

2-100ms, 100 per second

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18
Q

Neuron signals provide what type of communication

A

spatial and temporal

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19
Q

Hormones only have action with

A

cells and tissues with receptors for that hormone on thier surface

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20
Q

how a target cells responds is generally by….

A

gene expression

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21
Q

Nervous system controls:

A

fast, fine, specific muscle movements

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22
Q

Endocrine system controls:

A

broad, longer actions like metabolic events

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23
Q

Steps of the nervous system circuit/organization

A
  1. a stimulus starts a reflex which begins a series of action potentials in sensory neurons
  2. the action potential travel on afferent axons of sensory neurons to the CNS, excitatory contacts are made to interneurons
  3. interneurons generate their own action potential
  4. connect to efferent motor neurons who send axons to make contacts to muscles
  5. response is produced
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24
Q

Reticular theory:

A

nervous system cells run together without boundaries

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25
Q

neuron doctrine:

A

neurons are anatomically distinct and are structural, functional, and developmental units of nervous system organization

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26
Q

the type of neurons depends on…

A

the number of processes emanate from it’s soma

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27
Q

dendrites are…

A

the receptive or input element, carrying infomartion to the soma

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28
Q

axons are…

A

the output element, carrying information away form the soma to other cells

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29
Q

myelin

A

comes from the glial cells, insulates axons allowing them to transmit neuronal signals quickly and with minimal signal lost

30
Q

myelin is present in which types of animals

A

vertebrates (absent in invertebrates)

31
Q

without myelin, signaling down an axon would be

A

slower and would diminish with distance traveled

32
Q

glial cells

A

support neurons physically and metabolically

33
Q

what are the two types of glial cells?

A

schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS)

34
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS)

35
Q

astrocytes

A

located near to capillaries; acting as intermediates between the blood vessels and neurons; take up neurotransmitters and supply metabolic substrates to neurons; also have a roll in nervous system development and control extracellular ion levels

36
Q

microglia

A

control immune actions in nerve cells

37
Q

cell membranes

A

have passive electrical properties; resistance and capacitance

38
Q

all cells respond to….

A

electric currents, but only neuronal cells generate action potentials

39
Q

resting membrane potential (Vm)

A

the potential difference across the membrane

40
Q

Inside of the membrane is

A

less positive

41
Q

membrane resistance (Rm)

A

prevents ions from moving across the membrane

42
Q

an action potential results in

A

membrane depolarization; inside becomes more positive

43
Q

hyperpolarization

A

returns the membrane to its resting potential

44
Q

The nernst equation

A

membrane potentials depend on the selective permeability of ions; helpful to understand the relation between the concentration differences of a permeating ion across a membrane and the membrane potential equilibrium
E=(RT/zF)ln(Cout/Cin)

45
Q

Inside the cell:

A

high concentration of K+ and negatively charged anions (A-)

46
Q

outside the cell:

A

high concentration of Na+

47
Q

the cell membrane is permeable to:

A

K+

48
Q

What causes the membrane potential to develope?

A

some K+ leaves the cell with the concentration gradient

49
Q

larger concentration difference across the membrane will result in

A

greater membrane potential

50
Q

ion concentration differences result from

A

active ion transport and from passive diffusion

51
Q

All cells keep the following concentrations

A

greater potassium level and a lesser sodium and chloride lever inside than outside

52
Q

the different ion concentrations between in and out of a cell is caused by

A

some ions are actively transported and others are passively moved

53
Q

Na+ and K+ exchange pump

A

ratio of 3 to 2 (3 sodiums out for every 2 potassium ions brought in), helps maintain the negative potential

54
Q

goldman equation

A

takes into account 2 ions at a time so it is more accurate

55
Q

The K+ level determines the resting membrane potential because

A

K+ is more permeable

56
Q

the action potential

A

occurs in excitable cells; voltage dependent, all or non signals; caused by voltage dependent changes in membrane permeabilities to ions

57
Q

ion channels are

A

voltage gates

58
Q

action potential starts with

A

depolarization

59
Q

what is resting membrane potential

A

-65mV

60
Q

Action Potential

A

review slides from chapter 12 powerpoint

61
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath coating on the neural axon; allows the electrical impulse to move quickly down the axon

62
Q

Integration of cells involves

A

events within cells

63
Q

Control comes from the brain with….

A

sensory neurons providing feedback from sensory input

64
Q

Neuronal signals are …….

A

Fast and addressed

65
Q

Neurons provide connections to….

A

Very specific locations

66
Q

Endocrine cells …..

A

Broadcast hormones

67
Q

Where are hormones sent? What does this mean?

A

Hormones are sent wherever blood flows, so it is less specific

68
Q

Although the nervous systems and endocrine systems tend to control different processes, both systems can exert control over each other. Give an example

A

Nerves can control glands and sex hormones can effect neurons in the brain

69
Q

What are the 3 main theories that concern cellular organization?

A

Cell theory, reticular theory, and the neuron doctrine

70
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A

Organisms are made of cells and cells come from preexisting cells

71
Q

Neurons generally have what in terms of structure?

A

An axon and one or more dendrites

72
Q

Axonal connections from one axon to another generally made to what?

A

Dendritic spines

Mammalian Physiology (17 decks)

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