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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 2: Chapter 7: Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Exam 2: Chapter 7: Energy Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Two kinds of energy pathways

A

anabolic and catabolic

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2
Q

Energy metabolism consists of:

A

how animals get their energy, use that energy for their functions, and how they dissipate that energy from their bodies added together

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3
Q

The ____________ explains why animals need energy

A

second law of thermodynamics; isolated systems have no exchanges with their surroundings (neither matter or energy)

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4
Q

Animals need energy from the outside so they can….

A

have a stable internal organization

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5
Q

chemical energy

A

energy held in chemical bonds

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6
Q

when bonds are broken…

A

energy is released and is free to be used

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7
Q

electrical energy

A

comes from the separation of positive and negative electrical charges

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8
Q

electrical energy is present at all…

A

membranes

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9
Q

what are the 2 kinds of kinetic energy that animals use?

A

mechanical energy and heat

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10
Q

mechanical energy

A

organized motion

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11
Q

heat

A

molecular kinetic energy; random motion

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12
Q

most systems are inefficient due to

A

energy lost through heat

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13
Q

chemical energy can be used to do

A

all forms of physiological work

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14
Q

electrical energy can…….

mechanical energy can…..

A

put ions in motion

pump blood

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15
Q

heat can not do work in organisms, _________ is needed to have heat used for work

A

a temperature difference

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16
Q

efficiency of energy transformation=

A

(output of high grade energy) / (input of high grade energy)

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17
Q

efficiency of converting glucose to ATP

A

70% (30% is lost to heat)

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18
Q

3 major functions for energy use in animals

A
  1. chemical bonds in food are ingested energy
  2. biosynthesis is when ATP is used to make biomolecules
  3. inefficient as much energy is lost to heat
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19
Q

maintenance

A

keeping the body’s integrity, circulation, respiration, nervous coordination, gut motility, and tissue repair

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20
Q

generation of external work is done when

A

mechanical forces are applied to objects outside the body (riding a bike)

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21
Q

animal respiration

A

slow form of combustion

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22
Q

all tissues use ______ and produce _______

A

oxygen; heat

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23
Q

animals consume food in order to

A

break down chemical bond energy used for external work

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24
Q

metabolic rate

A

the rate at which energy is converted to heat (calories per unit time or watts)

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25
Q

metabolic rate is an indication of

A

the amount of food an animal needs; measure of the animals drain on the energy supplies of the ecosystem

26
Q

direct calorimetry

A

a way of measuring the animals metabolic rate directly; done by measuring the rate at which heat leaves the body

27
Q

respirometry

A

rate of respiratory gas exchange

28
Q

material-balance method

A

measure the chemical-energy content of the organic matter entering and exiting an animals body

29
Q

breakdown of glucose

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

30
Q

2 factors with the greatest effect on metabolic rate

A

intensity of physical activity

temperature of the environment

31
Q

other factors that affect metabolic rate

A

food, age, gender, time of day, body size, reproductive condition, hormonal state, psychological state

32
Q

specific dynamic action (SDA)

A

by ingesting food, metabolic rate increases -> has to do with the calorigenic effect of ingested food: greater heat is produced with more calories consumed

33
Q

proteins have a higher SDA than ______? What could this be related to?

A
  • fats or carbs

- Could be related to the energy cost of nitrogenous waste production

34
Q

diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)

A

caused by prolonged overeating; a long-term increase i metabolic rate

35
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

used for homeotherms; animals that generate their own heat (mammals and birds)

36
Q

standard metabolic rate (SMR)

A

applies to ectotherms; animals whose body temperature varies with the environment (like reptiles)

37
Q

what is metabolic scaling?

A

the relation between metabolic rate and body size; generally, smaller animals have higher metabolic rates

38
Q

resting metabolic rate

A

an allometric function of body weight in related species

39
Q

how does metabolic rate relate to consumption of food in different species

A

small species, with higher metabolic rates, have to eat many times their body weight in order to maintain their high metabolic rate; large animals with low metabolic rates only consumes a fraction of their body weight

40
Q

weight-specific metabolic rate

A

the rate at which organisms consume energy per gram of body weight

41
Q

M=aWb

A

M is the whole metabolic rate and W is the body weight;

A and b are constants, b is most often 0.7 (resting metabolic rates of diverse animals)

42
Q

exercise-induced maximum aerobic rate is…

A

10x greater than the BMR; a function of body weight

43
Q

metabolism-size connection is important for both

A

physiology and ecology

44
Q

heart size in mammals is roughly proportional to

A

body size

45
Q

small animals have ______ heart rates in comparison to larger animals

A

higher

46
Q

small mammals need more ________ per gram of body weight than larger ones

A

oxygen

47
Q

why do small mammals have higher heart rates in comparison to larger mammals?

A

Smaller mammals require more oxygen per gram of body weight, but their hearts are no larger in relation to body sized when compared to larger mammals. Increased heart rate allows for increased oxygen delivery.

48
Q

Small mammals have a _________ respiratory rate when compared to larger mammals.

A

higher; lungs are proportional to body size (like the heart) so a higher respiratory rate allows for increased oxygen intake

49
Q

skeletal muscles of smaller mammals have ______ mitochondria than larger ones

A

more

50
Q

smaller mammals due to higher metabolism accumulate more ________

A

toxins

51
Q

fats are 2x as high in ________ when compared to proteins and carbs

A

energy density (energy values per unit weight)

52
Q

migrating animals use ______ food sources

A

lipid dense

53
Q

energy absorption efficiency

A

absorbed energy / ingested energy

54
Q

absorbed energy

A

the energy actually available for use by the animal for metabolism

55
Q

growth efficiency ________ with age

A

declines

important in agriculture

56
Q

the brain accounts for ______ of resting metabolic rate

A

20% (1/5 of our food intake)

57
Q

SDA can be…..

A

Chronic

58
Q

BMR is related to

A

Environmental temp (thermoneutral zone) and whether the animal is fasting or resting

59
Q

SMR is related to

A

Whether the animal is fasting or resting

60
Q

When large numbers of animals metabolic rates are compared…..

A

Species similarities can be seen

Mammalian Physiology (17 decks)

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