Exam 2: Chapter 9: The Energetics of Aerobic Activity Flashcards
ATP is made mainly by
aerobic metabolism
physical activity increases one’s
metabolic rate
how active animals are studied
using the relationship between the speed of locomotion and the metabolic rate (however, it is difficult to determine the actual speed)
measure the rate of _______ to determine the metabolic cost of motion
oxygen consumption
why is a treadmill best for studying animal activity (like running and walking)
controlled atmosphere: Can be made to tilt uphill or downhill
how is oxygen consumtion measured
using a mask and valve system; breathes are taken from a defined airstream with doubly labeled water (with D216O and H218O), later blood is removed to find out how fast they were eliminated by measuring CO2 production
How are Nepalese porters different than Europeans using backpacks?
they are more efficient and can carry a heavier load; advance aerobically and have more advance muscles
A running animals has a metabolic rate that ______ as a linear function of spee.
increases
Small-bodied animals need _________ weight-specific metabolic rates for motion at a certain speed than larger animals.
higher
The most advantageous speed depends on
the function of exercise
The minimum cost of transport depends in regular ways on
mode of locomotion and body size; would be different for runners and fliers
_______ cost the most energy, and _________ the least
running; swimming
A 100g animal has a cost of running a unit of distance ___ that of flying the same distance and ____ times higher than swimming
4x, 14x
Larger animals have a ______ weight specific cost than smaller ones
lower
Marine mammals have a ________ cost of transport than fish. Why?
higher; fisher are more streamline
Swimming at the _____ takes more energy
surface
Cycling is one of the _____ energy costly forms of transportation
least
VO2max
maximum rate of oxygen consumption; aerobic capacity and maximum aerobic power; vital for the study of aerobic activity
Maximum rate of O2 consumption
determines the peak rate at which ATP can be synthesized by aerobic catabolism
In humans, the maximum rate of O2 consumption is
a benchmark for calculating the strenuousness of aerobic activity
An activity requiring 35% VO2max could go on for
8-10 hours
An activity requiring 75% VO2max could go on for
1-2 hours
Age related decline in VO2max
after 30 lose 9% for sedentary and about 5% for active persons
Exercise requiring O2 consumption at 100% VO2max could only last
a minute or two
VO2max differs among
phyletic groups and even species to species
VO2max for vertebrates is _______ that of resting rate of O2 consumption
10x
Mammals can make ATP aerobically much _______ than lizards
faster
evolution of ____ allows for faster sustained feed
homeothermy
Pronghorn antelope VO2max
4x greater than the average for a mammal its size
Mammals vs lizard ATP use
Use about the same amount of ATP to travel a distance
Pronghorns attain their speed _________
aerobically; due to aerobic ATP production they can run at 40mph for long periods of time
Pronghorns vs dogs and goats
Pronghorns have 1.2-1.7x more muscle and 1.2-1.6x more mitochondria
Highest levels of weight-specific VO2 max is found in
flying animals; example- hummingbirds and bats
Hummingbird and bats have what percentage of mitochondria in their flight muscle tissues?
35-45%; any higher would interfere with muscle contraction
True or false: VO2max can vary among individuals within a species.
True; some humans can be 2x greater than others
Differences in VO2max comes from
about half the result of life experiences and the other half genetic
VO2max responds to
training and selection
endurance training can
increase VO2max and thus ATP production; also known as pushing lactate threshold
Training can change _____
gene expression in your muscles; numbers of mitochondria increase
Training effects on heart, capillaries, and glucose
Increases heart stroke volume, more capillaries in muscles, more glucose transporters in muscles
Oxygen consumption evolution selection experiment
animals are selected based on high or low aerobic competence, and breeding was done to pass
Oxygen consumption evolution selection experiment results
traits are passed on, great differences in the populations developed over 10 generations; VO2max was 1.5x higher after 15 generations
Rats that are selected for low aerobic exercise show symptoms of
chronic cardiovascular and metabolic disease, high blood pressure and diabetes
average daily metabolic rate (ADMR)
can be compared to BMR
Warm blooded animals have ADMRs ________ that of cold blooded ones
12-20x
Wild animals ADMR can be ______ their BMR
2.5-3.5x
Humans ADMR can be ______ their BMR
1.2-2.5x
Trained althetes ADMR is ______ BRM
2.5 or more times
How high can sustained ADMR be in humans?
Studies of Tour de France cyclists covering 4000km in 22 days showed that of the 4 studied, their ADMR was 4.5x BMR
Birds long distance migration
use stored fat as a high energy source (90% of their fuel in migration comes from fat that they store prior to migrating); developed aerobic system; physiology changes while in route
More intense exercise can increase metabolic rate as much as
10x
The ________-____________ metabolic rate needed to run at 1 km/h is much higher fora mouse than a rat
weight- specific
A ________ sized fish would need far less energy
A human-sized fish would need far less energy
VO2 max or aerobic capacity or maximum aerobic power is largely what? What does this mean
Is largely genetic, so the one with the highest VO₂max will
always win
An activity sustainable for 8-10 hrs as a youth may only be possible for _________ that time when older
Half
Mountaineers use how much of their VO2 max at altitude?
100%
How long could it take mountaineers to walk the final 100m atop Mt. Everest?
An hour
Mammals can reach greater…..
speeds
Which is faster the pronghorn or the cheetah? How does the way in which they get their ATP differ?
Pronghorns are nearly as fast as cheetahs, but cheetahs
attain their speeds anaerobically
VO2 max is _________ BMR
10x
Athletes show large differences in their ________ with these differences being largely _________ ____________. They are’t due to __________ ___________
- VO₂max
- Sport dependent
- Training alone
Likely, athletes chose or were chosen for their sport
based on their __________ _________ __________. So _________ are a major part in __________ ___________ ___________ _________
- Natural abilities initially
- Genes
- Higher aerobic ATP production
Rats selected for high running capacity AKA high aerobic exercise showed that
- The heart could pump more blood,
- Capillary density in muscles was higher,
- Enzymes for aerobic catabolism was increased
For migratory birds, sustained ADMR can be
As high as 8-10x ADMR