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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 2: Chapter 9: The Energetics of Aerobic Activity > Flashcards

Exam 2: Chapter 9: The Energetics of Aerobic Activity Flashcards

1
Q

ATP is made mainly by

A

aerobic metabolism

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2
Q

physical activity increases one’s

A

metabolic rate

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3
Q

how active animals are studied

A

using the relationship between the speed of locomotion and the metabolic rate (however, it is difficult to determine the actual speed)

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4
Q

measure the rate of _______ to determine the metabolic cost of motion

A

oxygen consumption

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5
Q

why is a treadmill best for studying animal activity (like running and walking)

A

controlled atmosphere: Can be made to tilt uphill or downhill

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6
Q

how is oxygen consumtion measured

A

using a mask and valve system; breathes are taken from a defined airstream with doubly labeled water (with D216O and H218O), later blood is removed to find out how fast they were eliminated by measuring CO2 production

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7
Q

How are Nepalese porters different than Europeans using backpacks?

A

they are more efficient and can carry a heavier load; advance aerobically and have more advance muscles

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8
Q

A running animals has a metabolic rate that ______ as a linear function of spee.

A

increases

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9
Q

Small-bodied animals need _________ weight-specific metabolic rates for motion at a certain speed than larger animals.

A

higher

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10
Q

The most advantageous speed depends on

A

the function of exercise

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11
Q

The minimum cost of transport depends in regular ways on

A

mode of locomotion and body size; would be different for runners and fliers

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12
Q

_______ cost the most energy, and _________ the least

A

running; swimming

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13
Q

A 100g animal has a cost of running a unit of distance ___ that of flying the same distance and ____ times higher than swimming

A

4x, 14x

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14
Q

Larger animals have a ______ weight specific cost than smaller ones

A

lower

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15
Q

Marine mammals have a ________ cost of transport than fish. Why?

A

higher; fisher are more streamline

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16
Q

Swimming at the _____ takes more energy

A

surface

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17
Q

Cycling is one of the _____ energy costly forms of transportation

A

least

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18
Q

VO2max

A

maximum rate of oxygen consumption; aerobic capacity and maximum aerobic power; vital for the study of aerobic activity

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19
Q

Maximum rate of O2 consumption

A

determines the peak rate at which ATP can be synthesized by aerobic catabolism

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20
Q

In humans, the maximum rate of O2 consumption is

A

a benchmark for calculating the strenuousness of aerobic activity

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21
Q

An activity requiring 35% VO2max could go on for

A

8-10 hours

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22
Q

An activity requiring 75% VO2max could go on for

A

1-2 hours

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23
Q

Age related decline in VO2max

A

after 30 lose 9% for sedentary and about 5% for active persons

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24
Q

Exercise requiring O2 consumption at 100% VO2max could only last

A

a minute or two

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25
VO2max differs among
phyletic groups and even species to species
26
VO2max for vertebrates is _______ that of resting rate of O2 consumption
10x
27
Mammals can make ATP aerobically much _______ than lizards
faster
28
evolution of ____ allows for faster sustained feed
homeothermy
29
Pronghorn antelope VO2max
4x greater than the average for a mammal its size
30
Mammals vs lizard ATP use
Use about the same amount of ATP to travel a distance
31
Pronghorns attain their speed _________
aerobically; due to aerobic ATP production they can run at 40mph for long periods of time
32
Pronghorns vs dogs and goats
Pronghorns have 1.2-1.7x more muscle and 1.2-1.6x more mitochondria
33
Highest levels of weight-specific VO2 max is found in
flying animals; example- hummingbirds and bats
34
Hummingbird and bats have what percentage of mitochondria in their flight muscle tissues?
35-45%; any higher would interfere with muscle contraction
35
True or false: VO2max can vary among individuals within a species.
True; some humans can be 2x greater than others
36
Differences in VO2max comes from
about half the result of life experiences and the other half genetic
37
VO2max responds to
training and selection
38
endurance training can
increase VO2max and thus ATP production; also known as pushing lactate threshold
39
Training can change _____
gene expression in your muscles; numbers of mitochondria increase
40
Training effects on heart, capillaries, and glucose
Increases heart stroke volume, more capillaries in muscles, more glucose transporters in muscles
41
Oxygen consumption evolution selection experiment
animals are selected based on high or low aerobic competence, and breeding was done to pass
42
Oxygen consumption evolution selection experiment results
traits are passed on, great differences in the populations developed over 10 generations; VO2max was 1.5x higher after 15 generations
43
Rats that are selected for low aerobic exercise show symptoms of
chronic cardiovascular and metabolic disease, high blood pressure and diabetes
44
average daily metabolic rate (ADMR)
can be compared to BMR
45
Warm blooded animals have ADMRs ________ that of cold blooded ones
12-20x
46
Wild animals ADMR can be ______ their BMR
2.5-3.5x
47
Humans ADMR can be ______ their BMR
1.2-2.5x
48
Trained althetes ADMR is ______ BRM
2.5 or more times
49
How high can sustained ADMR be in humans?
Studies of Tour de France cyclists covering 4000km in 22 days showed that of the 4 studied, their ADMR was 4.5x BMR
50
Birds long distance migration
use stored fat as a high energy source (90% of their fuel in migration comes from fat that they store prior to migrating); developed aerobic system; physiology changes while in route
51
More intense exercise can increase metabolic rate as much as
10x
52
The ________-____________ metabolic rate needed to run at 1 km/h is much higher fora mouse than a rat
weight- specific
53
A ________ sized fish would need far less energy
A human-sized fish would need far less energy
54
VO2 max or aerobic capacity or maximum aerobic power is largely what? What does this mean
Is largely genetic, so the one with the highest VO₂max will | always win
55
An activity sustainable for 8-10 hrs as a youth may only be possible for _________ that time when older
Half
56
Mountaineers use how much of their VO2 max at altitude?
100%
57
How long could it take mountaineers to walk the final 100m atop Mt. Everest?
An hour
58
Mammals can reach greater.....
speeds
59
Which is faster the pronghorn or the cheetah? How does the way in which they get their ATP differ?
Pronghorns are nearly as fast as cheetahs, but cheetahs | attain their speeds anaerobically
60
VO2 max is _________ BMR
10x
61
Athletes show large differences in their ________ with these differences being largely _________ ____________. They are't due to __________ ___________
- VO₂max - Sport dependent - Training alone
62
Likely, athletes chose or were chosen for their sport based on their __________ _________ __________. So _________ are a major part in __________ ___________ ___________ _________
- Natural abilities initially - Genes - Higher aerobic ATP production
63
Rats selected for high running capacity AKA high aerobic exercise showed that
- The heart could pump more blood, - Capillary density in muscles was higher, - Enzymes for aerobic catabolism was increased
64
For migratory birds, sustained ADMR can be
As high as 8-10x ADMR

Mammalian Physiology (17 decks)

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