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Mammalian Physiology > Exam 2: Chapter 9: The Energetics of Aerobic Activity > Flashcards

Exam 2: Chapter 9: The Energetics of Aerobic Activity Flashcards

1
Q

ATP is made mainly by

A

aerobic metabolism

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2
Q

physical activity increases one’s

A

metabolic rate

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3
Q

how active animals are studied

A

using the relationship between the speed of locomotion and the metabolic rate (however, it is difficult to determine the actual speed)

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4
Q

measure the rate of _______ to determine the metabolic cost of motion

A

oxygen consumption

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5
Q

why is a treadmill best for studying animal activity (like running and walking)

A

controlled atmosphere: Can be made to tilt uphill or downhill

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6
Q

how is oxygen consumtion measured

A

using a mask and valve system; breathes are taken from a defined airstream with doubly labeled water (with D216O and H218O), later blood is removed to find out how fast they were eliminated by measuring CO2 production

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7
Q

How are Nepalese porters different than Europeans using backpacks?

A

they are more efficient and can carry a heavier load; advance aerobically and have more advance muscles

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8
Q

A running animals has a metabolic rate that ______ as a linear function of spee.

A

increases

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9
Q

Small-bodied animals need _________ weight-specific metabolic rates for motion at a certain speed than larger animals.

A

higher

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10
Q

The most advantageous speed depends on

A

the function of exercise

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11
Q

The minimum cost of transport depends in regular ways on

A

mode of locomotion and body size; would be different for runners and fliers

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12
Q

_______ cost the most energy, and _________ the least

A

running; swimming

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13
Q

A 100g animal has a cost of running a unit of distance ___ that of flying the same distance and ____ times higher than swimming

A

4x, 14x

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14
Q

Larger animals have a ______ weight specific cost than smaller ones

A

lower

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15
Q

Marine mammals have a ________ cost of transport than fish. Why?

A

higher; fisher are more streamline

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16
Q

Swimming at the _____ takes more energy

A

surface

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17
Q

Cycling is one of the _____ energy costly forms of transportation

A

least

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18
Q

VO2max

A

maximum rate of oxygen consumption; aerobic capacity and maximum aerobic power; vital for the study of aerobic activity

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19
Q

Maximum rate of O2 consumption

A

determines the peak rate at which ATP can be synthesized by aerobic catabolism

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20
Q

In humans, the maximum rate of O2 consumption is

A

a benchmark for calculating the strenuousness of aerobic activity

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21
Q

An activity requiring 35% VO2max could go on for

A

8-10 hours

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22
Q

An activity requiring 75% VO2max could go on for

A

1-2 hours

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23
Q

Age related decline in VO2max

A

after 30 lose 9% for sedentary and about 5% for active persons

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24
Q

Exercise requiring O2 consumption at 100% VO2max could only last

A

a minute or two

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25
Q

VO2max differs among

A

phyletic groups and even species to species

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26
Q

VO2max for vertebrates is _______ that of resting rate of O2 consumption

A

10x

27
Q

Mammals can make ATP aerobically much _______ than lizards

A

faster

28
Q

evolution of ____ allows for faster sustained feed

A

homeothermy

29
Q

Pronghorn antelope VO2max

A

4x greater than the average for a mammal its size

30
Q

Mammals vs lizard ATP use

A

Use about the same amount of ATP to travel a distance

31
Q

Pronghorns attain their speed _________

A

aerobically; due to aerobic ATP production they can run at 40mph for long periods of time

32
Q

Pronghorns vs dogs and goats

A

Pronghorns have 1.2-1.7x more muscle and 1.2-1.6x more mitochondria

33
Q

Highest levels of weight-specific VO2 max is found in

A

flying animals; example- hummingbirds and bats

34
Q

Hummingbird and bats have what percentage of mitochondria in their flight muscle tissues?

A

35-45%; any higher would interfere with muscle contraction

35
Q

True or false: VO2max can vary among individuals within a species.

A

True; some humans can be 2x greater than others

36
Q

Differences in VO2max comes from

A

about half the result of life experiences and the other half genetic

37
Q

VO2max responds to

A

training and selection

38
Q

endurance training can

A

increase VO2max and thus ATP production; also known as pushing lactate threshold

39
Q

Training can change _____

A

gene expression in your muscles; numbers of mitochondria increase

40
Q

Training effects on heart, capillaries, and glucose

A

Increases heart stroke volume, more capillaries in muscles, more glucose transporters in muscles

41
Q

Oxygen consumption evolution selection experiment

A

animals are selected based on high or low aerobic competence, and breeding was done to pass

42
Q

Oxygen consumption evolution selection experiment results

A

traits are passed on, great differences in the populations developed over 10 generations; VO2max was 1.5x higher after 15 generations

43
Q

Rats that are selected for low aerobic exercise show symptoms of

A

chronic cardiovascular and metabolic disease, high blood pressure and diabetes

44
Q

average daily metabolic rate (ADMR)

A

can be compared to BMR

45
Q

Warm blooded animals have ADMRs ________ that of cold blooded ones

A

12-20x

46
Q

Wild animals ADMR can be ______ their BMR

A

2.5-3.5x

47
Q

Humans ADMR can be ______ their BMR

A

1.2-2.5x

48
Q

Trained althetes ADMR is ______ BRM

A

2.5 or more times

49
Q

How high can sustained ADMR be in humans?

A

Studies of Tour de France cyclists covering 4000km in 22 days showed that of the 4 studied, their ADMR was 4.5x BMR

50
Q

Birds long distance migration

A

use stored fat as a high energy source (90% of their fuel in migration comes from fat that they store prior to migrating); developed aerobic system; physiology changes while in route

51
Q

More intense exercise can increase metabolic rate as much as

A

10x

52
Q

The ________-____________ metabolic rate needed to run at 1 km/h is much higher fora mouse than a rat

A

weight- specific

53
Q

A ________ sized fish would need far less energy

A

A human-sized fish would need far less energy

54
Q

VO2 max or aerobic capacity or maximum aerobic power is largely what? What does this mean

A

Is largely genetic, so the one with the highest VO₂max will

always win

55
Q

An activity sustainable for 8-10 hrs as a youth may only be possible for _________ that time when older

A

Half

56
Q

Mountaineers use how much of their VO2 max at altitude?

A

100%

57
Q

How long could it take mountaineers to walk the final 100m atop Mt. Everest?

A

An hour

58
Q

Mammals can reach greater…..

A

speeds

59
Q

Which is faster the pronghorn or the cheetah? How does the way in which they get their ATP differ?

A

Pronghorns are nearly as fast as cheetahs, but cheetahs

attain their speeds anaerobically

60
Q

VO2 max is _________ BMR

A

10x

61
Q

Athletes show large differences in their ________ with these differences being largely _________ ____________. They are’t due to __________ ___________

A
  • VO₂max
  • Sport dependent
  • Training alone
62
Q

Likely, athletes chose or were chosen for their sport
based on their __________ _________ __________. So _________ are a major part in __________ ___________ ___________ _________

A
  • Natural abilities initially
  • Genes
  • Higher aerobic ATP production
63
Q

Rats selected for high running capacity AKA high aerobic exercise showed that

A
  • The heart could pump more blood,
  • Capillary density in muscles was higher,
  • Enzymes for aerobic catabolism was increased
64
Q

For migratory birds, sustained ADMR can be

A

As high as 8-10x ADMR

Mammalian Physiology (17 decks)

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