Exam 3: Chapter 22 & 23: Pulmonary

Question 1

universal gas law: PV=nRT

Answer 1

P is pressure
V is volume
N is the number of moles of gas
R is the universal gas constant
T is the absolute temperature

Question 2

henry’s law

Answer 2

gases in an aqueous solution
Cx=Apx
P is the partial pressure
C is the dissolved concentration
A is the absorption coefficient

Question 3

how does oxygen travel from the atmosphere to mitochondria

Answer 3

convection via inhalation of air to deep in the lungs

Question 4

diffusion of oxygen through gas into:

Answer 4

alveoli, pulmonary blood capillaries, and the RBC

Question 5

convection of oxygen by:

Answer 5

movement of blood and by circulation

Question 6

oxygen cascade

Answer 6

diffusion of O2 to mitochondria is driven by its partial pressure in capillaries; potential energy decreases progressively

Question 7

2 modes of oxygen transfer

Answer 7

concurrent moves toward equilibrium, and countercurrent moves in opposite direction; a partial-pressure gradient of oxygen diffusion into the blood

Question 8

tidal volume

Answer 8

volume of air inhaled and exhaled per breath

Question 9

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 9

maximum volume of air expelled beyond the resting expiratory level

Question 10

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 10

maximum volume of air inhaled beyond resting inspiratory level

Question 11

vital capacity

Answer 11

maximum possible tidal volume

Question 12

pre-Botzinger complex

Answer 12

neuron clusters in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem; produces neural outputs that control breathing rhythm, role in controlling sighs

Question 13

Co2, H+, and O2

Answer 13

under chemosensory control

Question 14

blood concentrations of both H+ and CO2

Answer 14

vary together either up or down; independently sensed

Question 15

how are gas concentrations controlled

Answer 15

adjustment of ventilation

Question 16

carotid bodies

Answer 16

outside the CNS sense O2 levels in humans, control ventilation

Question 17

llama adaptations

Answer 17

hemoglobin has a higher affinity to O2 that humans, does not require as high an alveolar partial pressure to become loaded with O2, lower mixed partial pressure,

Question 18

llama adaptations (cont.)

Answer 18

place greater reliance than humans on tissue-level adaptations that aid tissues function under conditions of tissue hypoxia; longer evolutionary histories at high altitudes are more likely to have evolved extensive tissue-level adaptations than human

Question 19

bird adaptations

Answer 19

about 20 species of birds have been observed flying at altitudes of 5000m or higher, some higher than the peak of Mt. Everest