Exam 3 - Chapter 13

Question 1

synthetic precursor given to microorganism which completes synthesis of antibiotic with it metabolism

Answer 1

semisynthetic drug

Question 2

chemical agent made in the lab

Answer 2

synthetic drug

Question 3

chemical substance produced by microorganisms which have capacity to inhibit the growth of or kill microorganism

Answer 3

antibiotic

Question 4

property of an antimicrobial drug to be toxic to the microbe with being nontoxic to the host

Answer 4

selective toxicity

Question 5

5 mechanisms antimicrobial drugs affect the growth of pathogens

Answer 5

1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. disruption of cell membrane function
3. inhibition of protein synthesis
4. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
5. action as antimetabolite

Question 6

gram positive bacteria are particularly susceptible to

Answer 6

drugs that affect the cell wall

Question 7

destroy peptidoglycan crosslink and kill bacteria

Answer 7

penicillin, cephalosporin, bacitracin, vancomycin

Question 8

drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

Answer 8

aminoglycosides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, macrolides

Question 9

penicillin inhibits

Answer 9

cell wall

Question 10

cephalosporin inhibits

Answer 10

cell wall

Question 11

bacitracin inhibits

Answer 11

cell wall

Question 12

vancomycin inhibit

Answer 12

cell wall

Question 13

aminoglycosides inhibit

Answer 13

protein synthesis

Question 14

tetracycline inhibits

Answer 14

protein synthesis

Question 15

chloramphenicol inhibits

Answer 15

protein synthesis

Question 16

macrolides inhibits

Answer 16

protein synthesis

Question 17

drugs that disrupt cytoplasmic membranes

Answer 17

polyenes and polymyxin

Question 18

examples of drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

Answer 18

rifamycin, rifampin, and clofazimine

Question 19

inhibit transcription of bacterial RNA by binding to RNA polymerase

Answer 19

Rifamycin

Question 20

more toxic to prokaryotes host and used against TB

Answer 20

Rifampin

Question 21

binds to DNA of Mycobacterium leprae and prevents normal replication and transcriptionn

Answer 21

clofazimine

Question 22

agents effective on small number of organisms or a single taxonomic

Answer 22

narrow spectrum drug

Question 23

type of drug provides minimizes destruction of normal microflora host

Answer 23

narrow spectrum drug

Question 24

type of drug decreases the chance of resistance

Answer 24

narrow spectrum

Question 25

effective against a wide number of microorganisms from a wide range taxonomic group

Answer 25

broad spectrum drug

Question 26

when patient is seriously ill with an infection caused by an unknown organism this type of medicine would be used

Answer 26

broad spectrum

Question 27

ex of broad spectrum drug

Answer 27

erythromycin

Question 28

when would you choose a narrow spectrum drug over a broad spectrum

Answer 28

to minimize destruction of microflora of host and decrease chance of resistance

Question 29

harmful side effects of tetracycline

Answer 29

1. produce Gi disorders including liver damager 2. enhance activity of blood thinner, warfarin 3. reduce effectiveness of oral contraceptives 4. shouldn't take 2nd half of pregnancy 5. stain children's teeth under 5

Question 30

unique about Clostridium difficile

Answer 30

1. major nosocomial infection 2. antibiotic-assisted diarrhea (only patients who have been administered antibiotics) 3. newborns can act as reservoirs 4. doesn't allow the colon to absorb water causing diarrhea 5. big doses of antibacterial drugs will kill good bacteria and let c. diff in 6. may persist in hospitals and nursing homes for months or years

Question 31

resistance

Answer 31

microorganism once susceptible to antibiotic is no longer affected by the drug

Question 32

factors contribute to antibacterial drug resistance

Answer 32

1. globalization 2. widespread misuse of antimicrobial drugs 3. antibiotics/antibacterial drug in animal feed 4. unnecessary prescriptions 5. unfinished prescription

Question 33

spontaneous mutations

Answer 33

lead to resistance in one day

Question 34

R plasmids and their role in drug resistance

Answer 34

lead to resistance in multiple days

Question 35

4 mechanisms in which microbes becomes resistant to antimicrobial drugs

Answer 35

1. inactivation of the antibiotcs/antibacterial drugs 2. efflux pumping of the antibiotic/antibacterial drug 3. modification of the antibiotic target 4. alteration of pathway

Question 36

describe the inactivation of antibiotic/antibacterial drug

Answer 36

1. enzyme destroys drug 2. beta-lactamases 3. aminoglycosides 4. chloroamphenicol

Question 37

describe efflux pumping of antibiotic/antibacterial drug

Answer 37

1. active transport of drug out of bacterial cell 2. tetracycline 3. beta-lactams 4. fluoroquinolones

Question 38

describe resistance of medication of antibiotic target

Answer 38

1. bacterial ribosomes 2. PBP's (penicillin biding protein) 3. erythromycin 4. rifamycin 5. antimetabolites

Question 39

superbug

Answer 39

bacteria that is multiple drug resistance

Question 40

describe ways in which antibacterial drug resistance can be limited

Answer 40

1. maintaining high levels of antibiotics in patient long enough to kill all pathogens 2. administering 2 antibiotics to get additive effect 3. restricting antibiotic use to essential use only

Question 41

synergism

Answer 41

additive effect when 2 antibiotics are administered at the same time

Question 42

antagonism

Answer 42

when some drugs are less effective when used in combination than when used alone

Question 43

example of synergism

Answer 43

Ex. streptomycin + penicillin | Ex. Clavulanic + amoxicllin

Question 44

Ex of antagonism

Answer 44

Tetracycline (inhibit growth) + penicillin (require growth to be effective)

Question 45

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Answer 45

``` penicillin ampicillin amoxicillin cephalosporin bacitracin carbapenemes vancomycin methicillin ```

Question 46

distribution of cell membrane function

Answer 46

polymyxin

Question 47

inhibit protein synthesis

Answer 47

``` macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin) Aminoglycosides (streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin) chloramphenicol tetracyclines linosamindes (lincomycin, clindamycin) ```

Question 48

inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

Answer 48

rifampin quinolones (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin) clofazimine

Question 49

action of antimetabolite

Answer 49

``` sulfonmides "sulfa drugs" isonized ethambutol trimethoprim nitrofurans ```