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micro > Exam 3 - Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

synthetic precursor given to microorganism which completes synthesis of antibiotic with it metabolism

A

semisynthetic drug

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2
Q

chemical agent made in the lab

A

synthetic drug

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3
Q

chemical substance produced by microorganisms which have capacity to inhibit the growth of or kill microorganism

A

antibiotic

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4
Q

property of an antimicrobial drug to be toxic to the microbe with being nontoxic to the host

A

selective toxicity

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5
Q

5 mechanisms antimicrobial drugs affect the growth of pathogens

A
  1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  2. disruption of cell membrane function
  3. inhibition of protein synthesis
  4. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
  5. action as antimetabolite
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6
Q

gram positive bacteria are particularly susceptible to

A

drugs that affect the cell wall

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7
Q

destroy peptidoglycan crosslink and kill bacteria

A

penicillin, cephalosporin, bacitracin, vancomycin

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8
Q

drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

A

aminoglycosides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, macrolides

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9
Q

penicillin inhibits

A

cell wall

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10
Q

cephalosporin inhibits

A

cell wall

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11
Q

bacitracin inhibits

A

cell wall

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12
Q

vancomycin inhibit

A

cell wall

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13
Q

aminoglycosides inhibit

A

protein synthesis

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14
Q

tetracycline inhibits

A

protein synthesis

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15
Q

chloramphenicol inhibits

A

protein synthesis

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16
Q

macrolides inhibits

A

protein synthesis

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17
Q

drugs that disrupt cytoplasmic membranes

A

polyenes and polymyxin

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18
Q

examples of drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

rifamycin, rifampin, and clofazimine

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19
Q

inhibit transcription of bacterial RNA by binding to RNA polymerase

A

Rifamycin

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20
Q

more toxic to prokaryotes host and used against TB

A

Rifampin

21
Q

binds to DNA of Mycobacterium leprae and prevents normal replication and transcriptionn

A

clofazimine

22
Q

agents effective on small number of organisms or a single taxonomic

A

narrow spectrum drug

23
Q

type of drug provides minimizes destruction of normal microflora host

A

narrow spectrum drug

24
Q

type of drug decreases the chance of resistance

A

narrow spectrum

25
Q

effective against a wide number of microorganisms from a wide range taxonomic group

A

broad spectrum drug

26
Q

when patient is seriously ill with an infection caused by an unknown organism this type of medicine would be used

A

broad spectrum

27
Q

ex of broad spectrum drug

A

erythromycin

28
Q

when would you choose a narrow spectrum drug over a broad spectrum

A

to minimize destruction of microflora of host and decrease chance of resistance

29
Q

harmful side effects of tetracycline

A
  1. produce Gi disorders including liver damager
  2. enhance activity of blood thinner, warfarin
  3. reduce effectiveness of oral contraceptives
  4. shouldn’t take 2nd half of pregnancy
  5. stain children’s teeth under 5
30
Q

unique about Clostridium difficile

A
  1. major nosocomial infection
  2. antibiotic-assisted diarrhea (only patients who have been administered antibiotics)
  3. newborns can act as reservoirs
  4. doesn’t allow the colon to absorb water causing diarrhea
  5. big doses of antibacterial drugs will kill good bacteria and let c. diff in
  6. may persist in hospitals and nursing homes for months or years
31
Q

resistance

A

microorganism once susceptible to antibiotic is no longer affected by the drug

32
Q

factors contribute to antibacterial drug resistance

A
  1. globalization
  2. widespread misuse of antimicrobial drugs
  3. antibiotics/antibacterial drug in animal feed
  4. unnecessary prescriptions
  5. unfinished prescription
33
Q

spontaneous mutations

A

lead to resistance in one day

34
Q

R plasmids and their role in drug resistance

A

lead to resistance in multiple days

35
Q

4 mechanisms in which microbes becomes resistant to antimicrobial drugs

A
  1. inactivation of the antibiotcs/antibacterial drugs
  2. efflux pumping of the antibiotic/antibacterial drug
  3. modification of the antibiotic target
  4. alteration of pathway
36
Q

describe the inactivation of antibiotic/antibacterial drug

A
  1. enzyme destroys drug
  2. beta-lactamases
  3. aminoglycosides
  4. chloroamphenicol
37
Q

describe efflux pumping of antibiotic/antibacterial drug

A
  1. active transport of drug out of bacterial cell
  2. tetracycline
  3. beta-lactams
  4. fluoroquinolones
38
Q

describe resistance of medication of antibiotic target

A
  1. bacterial ribosomes
  2. PBP’s (penicillin biding protein)
  3. erythromycin
  4. rifamycin
  5. antimetabolites
39
Q

superbug

A

bacteria that is multiple drug resistance

40
Q

describe ways in which antibacterial drug resistance can be limited

A
  1. maintaining high levels of antibiotics in patient long enough to kill all pathogens
  2. administering 2 antibiotics to get additive effect
  3. restricting antibiotic use to essential use only
41
Q

synergism

A

additive effect when 2 antibiotics are administered at the same time

42
Q

antagonism

A

when some drugs are less effective when used in combination than when used alone

43
Q

example of synergism

A

Ex. streptomycin + penicillin

Ex. Clavulanic + amoxicllin

44
Q

Ex of antagonism

A

Tetracycline (inhibit growth) + penicillin (require growth to be effective)

45
Q

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A 
penicillin
ampicillin
amoxicillin
cephalosporin
bacitracin
carbapenemes
vancomycin
methicillin
46
Q

distribution of cell membrane function

A

polymyxin

47
Q

inhibit protein synthesis

A 
macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin)
Aminoglycosides (streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin)
chloramphenicol
tetracyclines
linosamindes (lincomycin, clindamycin)
48
Q

inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

A

rifampin
quinolones (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin)
clofazimine

49
Q

action of antimetabolite

A 
sulfonmides "sulfa drugs"
isonized
ethambutol
trimethoprim
nitrofurans

micro (7 decks)

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