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MIcro > Exam 3 -Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Exam 3 -Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

the killing or removal of all microorganisms in a material or an object

A

sterilization

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2
Q

it is impossible to do this to skin without burning it

A

sterilization

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3
Q

an environment or procedure that is free from contamination by pathogen

A

asepsis

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4
Q

process of reducing or inhibiting microbial growth by applying chemicals to inanimate objects

A

antisepsis

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5
Q

removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing

A

degerming

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6
Q

lowering the number of pathogens of objects to safe public health level

A

sanitization

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7
Q

minimizing disease transmission by washing tableware in scalding water

A

sanitization

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8
Q

the use of heat to kill pathogens and lower the number of spoilage organisms in food or beverages

A

pasteurization

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9
Q

“-static” agents when controlling microbial growth

A

is the inhibition but not complete destruction

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10
Q

“-cidal” agents when controlling microbial growth

A

is the complete destruction or death

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11
Q

permanent loss of reproductive ability under ideal environment conditions

A

microbial death rate

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12
Q

Ex. if temp kills 20% of bacteria in one minute it will kill 20% of the surviving bacteria in the second minute, and so on

A

microbial death rate

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13
Q

significance of microbial control in death rate

A

is to control the amount of microbial exposer to the public

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14
Q

what are the targets for microbial control agents

A

cell walls, cytoplasmic membrane, proteins, nucleic acids

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15
Q

what does cytoplasmic membrane do considering microbial control

A

susceptibility, chemical agents that damage membrane by altering permeability

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16
Q

how are proteins targets from microbial control

A

damage proteins, enzymes, structural components, heat or chemicals denature proteins and cause cell death

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17
Q

how nucleic acids are targets fro microbial growth

A

heat, radiation, chemical can cause mutations in DNA
disrupt cellular function and stop protein synthesis
Ex. gamma rays. UB light, X-Rays

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18
Q

factors to consider when selecting microbial control agent

A
  1. inexpensive
  2. fast-acting
  3. stable during storage or shelf life
  4. harmless to humans, animals, and objects
  5. nature of sites to be treated
  6. degree of susceptibility of the microbes involved
  7. environmental conditions
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19
Q

nature of site to be treated when considering selecting microbial control agent

A
  1. harsh chemical and extreme heat cannot be used on humans, animals or fragile objects
  2. instruments that penetrate the body must be sterilized
  3. items contacting the mucous membranes or skin must be disinfected unless immunocompromised
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20
Q

degree of susceptibility of microbes when considering selecting microbial control agent

A
  1. actively growing microbes more susceptible to treatment than stationary cells
  2. select method to kill the hardiest microorganisms present
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21
Q

environmental conditions to consider when selecting microbial control agent

A
  1. temperature-enhanced by increased temp
  2. pH disinfectant activity can be enhanced or inhibited by a change in pH
  3. organic materials - fat, feces, blood, pus interfere with penetration of heat
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22
Q

5 types of physical methods of microbial control

A

heat, low temperature, filtration, osmotic pressure, and radiation

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23
Q

what does heat do to control microbial growth

A

denature enzymes, affect plasma membrane, and disrupt function of nucleic acid

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24
Q

types of heat to control microbial growth

A

moist heat - boiling or autoclave

dry heat - direct flaming, hot-air sterilization, incineration

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25
low temperature to control microbial growth
freezing - slow; inhibit microbial metabolism refrigeration - bacteriostatic; halts growth of most pathogens (mesophiles) *rate and intensity determine effectiveness
26
filtration to control microbial growth
passage of liquid or gas through a filter with pores small enough to retain microbes *used to sterilize heat sensitive materials (antibiotics, vitamins) HEPA filters used by lab and healthcare workers to prevent airborne contamination
27
osmotic pressure to control microbial growth
* using high concentrations of sugar or salt * removal of water inhibits cellular respiration * food reservation * molds and yeast have higher tolerance
28
radiation to control microbial growth
Gamma rays; X-rays (ionizing) | Ultraviolet (nonionizing)
29
gamma rays to control microbial growth
Ionization 1. high penetration 2. destroys DNA 3. used to sterilize medical and dental supplies
30
ultraviolet radiation to control microbial growth
Nonionizing 1. low penetration 2. damages DNA 3. Germicidal lamps used in hospitals
31
to destroy pathogens without altering flavor of food or beverage
pasteurization
32
importance of refrigeration
halts the growth of most pathogens
33
importance of freezing
inhibit microbial growth - helminthes die in days - bacterial endospores, vegetative bacteria and viruses can survive for years
34
inhibit cellular metabolism and microorganism undergo plasmolysis in high salt and sugar
hypertonic solutions
35
high penetration, destroys DNA, and sterilizes medical and dental supplies
Ionizing radiation
36
low penetration, damages DNA, and germicidal lamps used in hospitals
Nonionizing radiation
37
why 70% alcohol is more effective than 90%
water has a lower evaporation rate than alcohol and will stay on surface longer and kill more bacteria
38
actions of alcohols as antimicrobial agents
1. denature proteins 2. dissolve lipids 3. kill bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi, but not endospores and non-envelope viruses 4. ethanol/isopropanol disinfectant
39
types of halogen-containing antimicrobial agents
1. iodine 2. chlorine 3. bromine 4. fluorine
40
iodine as an antimicrobial agent
1. inactivates enzymes and cellular respiration 2. control of microbes in pools, drinking water, and food utensils 3. surgical scrubs and incision sites
41
chlorine as an antimicrobial agent
1. forms hypochlorous acid in water 2. swimming pools, drinking water, sewage treatment 3. calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, chloramines
42
types of oxidizing agents
hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid
43
what are the uses of oxidizing agents
to inhibit metabolism and oxidize molecules inside cells
44
when do you oxidizing agents
deep puncture wounds
45
surface acting i.e. soaps and detergents
surfactants
46
antibmicrobial action of soap
limited germicidial action through scrubbing
47
antimicrobial action of detergents
hydrocarbons, acid-anionic sanitizers important in dairy industry
48
low levels of bacteriostatic agents
heavy metals
49
list of heavy metals
silver, mercury, zinc, copper, selenium, mercuric chloride and copper sulfate
50
heavy metals are what when considering their microbial control
germicidial or antiseptic
51
heavy metals do this to cells
denature enzymes
52
used in eyes of newborns and surgical dressing
1% silver nitrate
53
most effective antimicrobial that inactivate proteins and denature DNA
formaldehyde and glutaraldeyde
54
2% solution if glutataldehyde is used in
hospitals and dental offices
55
Glutaraldehyde is more expessive than formaldehyde but is
less irritating and more effective
56
where is formaldehyde is used for
to embalm, disinfect reusable kidney dialysis machines, isolation rooms, surgical instruments
57
formaldehyde irritates
mucous membranes
58
advantage of using gaseous agents of microbial control
penetrates most material and kills microorganisms by denaturation and can be used on heat sensitve material
59
disadvantage of using gaseous agents of microbial control
explosive, poisonous, carcinogenic
60
examples of gaseous agents used for microbial control
ethylene oxide and propylene oxide
61
antibacterial and antifungal agent found in numerous consumer products
triclosan
62
liquid antiseptic/antimicrobial skin soap
hibiclens
63
denatures enzymes, ologodynamic action
silver
64
inactive enzymes and cellular proteins
iodine
65
used on surgical scrubs and incisions
iodine
66
topical antiseptic used for minor cuts and scrapes
mercurochromes
67
really kills 99% of bacteria viruses
lysol
68
what are the phenols and phenolics
triclosan, hibiclens, lysol

MIcro (7 decks)

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