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MIcro > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

etiology

A

establishing cause of disease

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2
Q

disease

A

disturbance in the state of health where the body cannot carry out all its normal functions

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3
Q

normal microbiota

A

microbes always present on or in the human body

ex. gut or skin

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4
Q

transient microbiota

A

microbes that may be present in or on host under certain conditions and for certain lengths of time at sites where resident microbiota are found

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5
Q

what is symbiosis

A

describes interactions that occur between different organisms that live close together

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6
Q

3 types of symbiosis

A

mutualism
commensalism
parasitism

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7
Q

mutualism

A

association where both partners benefit

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8
Q

commensalism

A

an association in which one partner benefits but the other remains unaffected

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9
Q

parasitism

A

one organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism (host)

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10
Q

parasite

A

organism that benefits at the expense of the host

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11
Q

host

A

any organism that harbors another organism

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12
Q

pathogen

A

anything that can produce disease

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13
Q

contrast normal and transient microbiota

A

disturbances of normal microbiota can allow transient microbiota into host

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14
Q

how is human colonized with their normal microbiota

A

when foreign microbial growth becomes normal microbiota

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15
Q

3 conditions that create opportunities for normal microflora to cause disease

A
  1. Failure of host normal defenses (immunocompromised)
  2. Introduction of the organisms into unusual body sites (location)
  3. Disturbances of the normal microflora (microbial antagonism)
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16
Q

Kock’s postulates

A
  1. Suspected pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  2. Pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
  3. Cultured pathogen must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host
  4. Same pathogen must be reisolated from the disease experimental host
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17
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s postulates

A
  • some pathogens cannot be cultures in the lab
  • some disease are caused by combination of pathogen, or a combination of pathogen + physical, environmental or genetic factors
  • ethical considerations (infect healthy person)
  • no single cause established
  • pathogens ignored
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18
Q

any change is normal body function

A

disease

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19
Q

infection

A

organism or pathogen establishes itself in the tissue and starts to reproduce or grow - increase in number

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20
Q

5 fundamental requirements for a pathogen to infect host

A
  1. contamination
  2. portal of entry
  3. adherence
  4. avoid detection by the host
  5. virulence factor
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21
Q

portals of entry

A 
eye
nose
mouth
mammary glands
urethra
vagina
anus
placenta
broken skin
ear
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22
Q

portals of exit

A
  1. secretions - eyes (tears), ears (wax), nose, mouth
  2. skin - flakes or blood
  3. blood - needles, bites, wounds
  4. vaginal secretions/semen
  5. excreted body waste - urine, feces, sweat
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23
Q

how microbes adhere to host cells

A
  • fimbriae, flagella, glycocalyx

- attachment proteins - viruses and bacteria, ligands bind to receptor on host cell

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24
Q

strategy pathogens employ to avoid host defense systems

A

prevent phagocytosis or detection by WBC

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25
Q

capsules

A
  • prevent phagocytosis

- increase virulence of pathogens

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26
Q

virulence

A
  • ability to cause disease

- degree of pathogenicity

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27
Q

exoenzyme produced by bacteria that destroy WBC (neutrophils and macrophages)

A

leukocidins

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28
Q

Exoenzyme that lyse (rupture) RBC

A

hemolysis

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29
Q

exoenzyme that clot blood

A

coagulase

30
Q

exoenzyme that breaks down blood clot

A

kinases

31
Q

exoenzyme - basement membrane, digest hyaluronic acid, helps hold cells of certain tissues together, making tissues more accessible to microbes

A

hylauronidase

32
Q

Exoenzyme that breakdown collagen

A

collagenase

33
Q

exotoxins

A
  • gram positive bacteria
  • soluble substances secreted into host tissues
  • highly specific, some act as neurotoxins or cardiac muscle toxins
  • unstable, denature above 60C and by ultraviolet light
  • among the most powerful toxins
  • little to no fever
34
Q

type of exotoxins that damages cells

A

cytotoxins

35
Q

type of exotoxin that damages nerve cells

A

neurotoxins

36
Q

type of exotoxin that damages digestive system

A

enterotoxins

37
Q

counter act the exotoxin

A

antitoxins

38
Q

endotoxins

A
  • gram negative bacteria
  • part of cell wall and released into host tissues when bacteria die or divide
  • lipopolysaccharide complex
  • weak toxicity, fatal in large dose
  • chills, high fever, muscle aches
  • Disseminated intravascular clotting -DIC
39
Q

objective, observable, or measured by others

A

sign

40
Q

Ex. vomiting, swollen lymph nodes, fever

A

sign

41
Q

subjective, felt by patient

A

symptom

42
Q

Ex. cramping, muscle ache, headache

A

symptom

43
Q

a group of signs and symptoms that collectively characterize a particular disease

A

syndrome

44
Q

after effects of an infection

A

sequelae

45
Q

an infectious disease that is easily transmitted from one host to the next
Ex: measles, chicken pox

A

contagious

46
Q

an infection that is transmitted from one host to the next

Ex: influenza, herpes

A

communicable

47
Q

disease arising from outside of hosts or from microbiota; not spread from host to host
Ex: tooth decay, tetanus, acne

A

noncommunicable

48
Q

disease in which symptoms develop rapidly and runs its course quickly

A

acute disease

49
Q

disease in which symptoms develop slowly and slow to disappear

A

Chronic disease

50
Q

disease with intermediate symptoms

A

subacute disease

51
Q

presence but not multiplication of viruses in the blood

A

viremia

52
Q

presence but not multiplication of bacteria in the blood

A

bacteremia

53
Q

presence and multiplication of bacteria in the blood

A

septicemia

54
Q

presence of toxins in the blood

A

toxemia

55
Q

initial infection in a previously healthy person

A

primary

56
Q

infection that immediately follows primary infection

Ex. flu then strep

A

secondary

57
Q

secondary infection that results from the destruction of normal microflora Ex after use of broad spectrum antibiotic

A

superinfection

58
Q

infection caused by 2 or more pathogens

Ex. periodontal disease

A

mixed infection

59
Q

5 typical stages of infectious disease

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal period
  3. Illness (Invasive phase)
  4. Decline phase
  5. Convalescence phase
60
Q

time between infection and appearance of signs or symptoms

A

incubation period

61
Q

incubation period

A
  1. virulence - degree of pathogenicity
  2. infective dose - how many particles it takes to get the infection
  3. state of health - poor nutrition, stress, lack of sleep, unemployment
  4. nature of pathogen
  5. generation time - double in number
62
Q

prodromal period

A
  • mild symptoms

- not present in all illnesses

63
Q

Illness (invasive) phase

A

-most severe stage
-immune system not yet responding
Acme- signs and symptoms most intense
-pyrogens -fire; fever production
-pyogens - puss; white patches on throat

64
Q

decline phase

A
  • number of pathogens decrease
  • immune system responds or medical treatment works
  • symptoms/signs subside
65
Q

convalescence phase

A
  • patient recovers
  • tissues/systems repair
  • return to normal
66
Q

modes of transmission

A

contact
vehicle
vector

67
Q

pathogenicity

A
  • ability to invade host
  • multiply in host
  • avoid hosts defenses
68
Q

use precise genetic techniques to determine the pathogenicity of disease or disease producing capabilities

A

molecular postulates

69
Q

disease process

A

contamination -> infection -> disease

70
Q

exoenzymes

A

hyaluronidase, collagenase, coagulase, kinases, hemolysis, leukocydins

MIcro (7 decks)

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