Exam 2 WileyPlus Flashcards by Ashley Gulley

glucose can be used for ???

movement, secretion, protein synthesis, active transport

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fats, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids can all be

broken down into smaller molecules

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anabolism is the production of larger molecules from

smaller ones

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metabolism is

catabolism and anabolism

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difference between autotroph and a heterotroph

autotroph use carbon dioxide to synthesize organic molecules while heterotrophs use organic molecules made by organisms

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how do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions in living organisms

lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur

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why would a fever of 40C be dangerous to a child

fever over 40C can cause enzymes to denature and not function properly

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during glycolosis ___ is converted to ____

Glucose; pyruvic acid

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products produced from the 2 types of fermentation pathways are

lactic acid and alcohol

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before pyruvic acid can be processed by the Krebs cycle, it must be converted to:

Acetyl-CoA

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where does the krebs cycle take place in eukaryotic cells

mitochondrial matrix

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what type of organism uses sunlight as an energy source and organic compounds as carbon source

photoheterotroph

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which metabolic pathway converts glucose to pyruvic acid

gylcolysis

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which process is NADH oxidized to NAD+

fermentation

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what are the end products of fermentation

carbon dioxide
ethyl alcohol
butanediol
lactic acid

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what processis most associated with the stripping og high-energy electrons from substrates with production of carbon dioxide

krebs cycle

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which process is most associated with a flow of electrons pumping hydrogen ions across a membrane

electron transport chain

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where does electron transport chain take place in prokaryotic cell

plasma membrane

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what is a bacteriums max net gain of ATP molecules from aerobic catabolism of glucose

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termite populations may be able to be killed with

doses of antibiotics

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cows and other grazing animals

cannot digest cellulose found in grass and rely on bacterial cellulose to provide their energy

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in step 6 of glycolysis, electrons are donated to the coenzyme, NAD+ in this process NAD+ is

reduced

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what product of the krebs cycle is used to generate the most ATP

NADH

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in the electron transport chain, in aerobic organisms what is the final electron acceptor

oxygen

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process by which molecules are pumped through the ATP synthase along the concentration gradient in order to convert ATP from ADP and protons

chemiosmosis

bacteria multiply by

binary fission

binary fission begins with one parent cell resulting in

2 daughter cells

bacteria growth phases in order

lag, log, stationary, death

microbial growth refers to

increase in cell number

log phase of bacteria growth

number of bacteria increases signficantly in number and they are metabolically active

generation time refers to the time it takes for a population of bacteris to

double

which type of bacteria grows optimally between 25C and 40C

mesophiles

require relatively large amounts of oxygen at all times

obliagte aerobes

microaerophile refers to organisms that perfer

low amount of oxygen

halophile refers to an organism that prefer

large amounts of salt

example of quorum sensing

production of biofilms

in binary fissin which event occurs first

replication of nucleoid

which stage of growth does new growth occur at the same rate as cells die off

stationary phase

able to tolerate salty condions

halophile

E. coli can perform cellular resp in presence of oxygen and anerobic if oxygen isnt which is classified as

facultative anaerobes

bacterial population grows most raplidy during which phase

log phase

stationary phase of bacterial growth

number of newly generated cells is the same as the number of dying cells

what bacteria would be expected to grow the best at a pH of 3

acidophiles

what bacteria would grow best at a temp of 15C

obligate psychrophile

most human pathogens are

mesophiles

what bacteria would most likely be found in deep layed of mud where there is a complete lack of oxygen

obligate anaerobes

which type of cell would generally shift to aerobic resp if oxygen is available but would otherwise carry out fermentation

facultative anaerobes

capnophiles grow best under conditions of

high carbon dioxide

where would you expect to find a barophile

at the bottom of the ocean

zinc is considered a

trace element

sporulation occurs in

clostridium

monomer subunit of DNA is

nucleotide

difference between bacterial chromosome and plasmid

chromosome contains genes that are essential for survival, where plasmid contains genes that are helpful bacterium but not essential for survival

process in which DNA makes RNA as the first step in protein synthesis

transcription

in translation, what molecule serves as the template for the synthesis of the new polymer

mRNA

this enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds formed between the complementary strands of DNA during replication

helicase

DNA polymerase synthesizes a ne strand of DNA in which biological directions

5'-3'

fragments produced by discontinuous DNA synthesis are referred to as

Okaazaki fragments

portion of DNA sequence that is recognized as the start of a gene is referred to as

promoter sequence

codon portion of the mRNA is complementary to the ____ portion of the tRNA molecules

anticodon

start codon for translation is typically ? and codes for the amino acid ?

AUG | methionine

fundamental units of heredity are known as genes and multiple versions of them are known as

alleles

best describes a typical prokaryote chromosome

Circular; composed of DNA

permanent alteration of DNA

mutation

what process is DNA used as a template to make RNA

transcription

which process are amino acids linked together to form proteins

translation

in translation, what molecule along with proteins, serves as the enzyme for the synthesis of a new polymere

rRNA

when DNA strand are unwound and stabilized, which molecules move behind the replication fork synthesizing new DNA complimentary to the original parent strands

DNA polymerase

what does semi-conservative mean

DNA replicates where one parent strand is always present in the newly formed DNA molecule

what must be attached to parent DNA to begin the formation of each Okazaki fragments

RNA primer

what enzyme synthesizes the new polymer in the process of transcription

RNA polymerase

mutant form that produces malfunctioning metabolic enzymes

auxotroph

what enzyme is most frequently found in the lagging strand and not in the leading strand of DNA

ligase