Exam 2 WileyPlus Flashcards
glucose can be used for ???
movement, secretion, protein synthesis, active transport
fats, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids can all be
broken down into smaller molecules
anabolism is the production of larger molecules from
smaller ones
metabolism is
catabolism and anabolism
difference between autotroph and a heterotroph
autotroph use carbon dioxide to synthesize organic molecules while heterotrophs use organic molecules made by organisms
how do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions in living organisms
lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur
why would a fever of 40C be dangerous to a child
fever over 40C can cause enzymes to denature and not function properly
during glycolosis ___ is converted to ____
Glucose; pyruvic acid
products produced from the 2 types of fermentation pathways are
lactic acid and alcohol
before pyruvic acid can be processed by the Krebs cycle, it must be converted to:
Acetyl-CoA
where does the krebs cycle take place in eukaryotic cells
mitochondrial matrix
what type of organism uses sunlight as an energy source and organic compounds as carbon source
photoheterotroph
which metabolic pathway converts glucose to pyruvic acid
gylcolysis
which process is NADH oxidized to NAD+
fermentation
what are the end products of fermentation
carbon dioxide
ethyl alcohol
butanediol
lactic acid
what processis most associated with the stripping og high-energy electrons from substrates with production of carbon dioxide
krebs cycle
which process is most associated with a flow of electrons pumping hydrogen ions across a membrane
electron transport chain
where does electron transport chain take place in prokaryotic cell
plasma membrane
what is a bacteriums max net gain of ATP molecules from aerobic catabolism of glucose
38
termite populations may be able to be killed with
doses of antibiotics
cows and other grazing animals
cannot digest cellulose found in grass and rely on bacterial cellulose to provide their energy
in step 6 of glycolysis, electrons are donated to the coenzyme, NAD+ in this process NAD+ is
reduced
what product of the krebs cycle is used to generate the most ATP
NADH
in the electron transport chain, in aerobic organisms what is the final electron acceptor
oxygen
process by which molecules are pumped through the ATP synthase along the concentration gradient in order to convert ATP from ADP and protons
chemiosmosis
bacteria multiply by
binary fission
binary fission begins with one parent cell resulting in
2 daughter cells
bacteria growth phases in order
lag, log, stationary, death
microbial growth refers to
increase in cell number
log phase of bacteria growth
number of bacteria increases signficantly in number and they are metabolically active
generation time refers to the time it takes for a population of bacteris to
double
which type of bacteria grows optimally between 25C and 40C
mesophiles
require relatively large amounts of oxygen at all times
obliagte aerobes
microaerophile refers to organisms that perfer
low amount of oxygen
halophile refers to an organism that prefer
large amounts of salt
example of quorum sensing
production of biofilms
in binary fissin which event occurs first
replication of nucleoid
which stage of growth does new growth occur at the same rate as cells die off
stationary phase
able to tolerate salty condions
halophile
E. coli can perform cellular resp in presence of oxygen and anerobic if oxygen isnt which is classified as
facultative anaerobes
bacterial population grows most raplidy during which phase
log phase
stationary phase of bacterial growth
number of newly generated cells is the same as the number of dying cells
what bacteria would be expected to grow the best at a pH of 3
acidophiles
what bacteria would grow best at a temp of 15C
obligate psychrophile
most human pathogens are
mesophiles
what bacteria would most likely be found in deep layed of mud where there is a complete lack of oxygen
obligate anaerobes
which type of cell would generally shift to aerobic resp if oxygen is available but would otherwise carry out fermentation
facultative anaerobes
capnophiles grow best under conditions of
high carbon dioxide
where would you expect to find a barophile
at the bottom of the ocean
zinc is considered a
trace element
sporulation occurs in
clostridium
monomer subunit of DNA is
nucleotide
difference between bacterial chromosome and plasmid
chromosome contains genes that are essential for survival, where plasmid contains genes that are helpful bacterium but not essential for survival
process in which DNA makes RNA as the first step in protein synthesis
transcription
in translation, what molecule serves as the template for the synthesis of the new polymer
mRNA
this enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds formed between the complementary strands of DNA during replication
helicase
DNA polymerase synthesizes a ne strand of DNA in which biological directions
5’-3’
fragments produced by discontinuous DNA synthesis are referred to as
Okaazaki fragments
portion of DNA sequence that is recognized as the start of a gene is referred to as
promoter sequence
codon portion of the mRNA is complementary to the ____ portion of the tRNA molecules
anticodon
start codon for translation is typically ? and codes for the amino acid ?
AUG
methionine
fundamental units of heredity are known as genes and multiple versions of them are known as
alleles
best describes a typical prokaryote chromosome
Circular; composed of DNA
permanent alteration of DNA
mutation
what process is DNA used as a template to make RNA
transcription
which process are amino acids linked together to form proteins
translation
in translation, what molecule along with proteins, serves as the enzyme for the synthesis of a new polymere
rRNA
when DNA strand are unwound and stabilized, which molecules move behind the replication fork synthesizing new DNA complimentary to the original parent strands
DNA polymerase
what does semi-conservative mean
DNA replicates where one parent strand is always present in the newly formed DNA molecule
what must be attached to parent DNA to begin the formation of each Okazaki fragments
RNA primer
what enzyme synthesizes the new polymer in the process of transcription
RNA polymerase
mutant form that produces malfunctioning metabolic enzymes
auxotroph
what enzyme is most frequently found in the lagging strand and not in the leading strand of DNA
ligase
