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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

all chemical reactions that occur within a cell

A

metabolism

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2
Q

proccess that use energy to synthesize and assemble “build-up”

A

anabolism

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3
Q

endergonic reaction

A

anabolism

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4
Q

process that capture and store energy by breakin down complex molecules into simlier ones

A

catabolism

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5
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

catabolism

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6
Q

releases energy and electrons

A

calabolism reaction

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7
Q

proteins that work in metabolism by lowering the energy of activation

A

enzymes

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8
Q

have specific three-dimensional shape and complex with substrate and act upon active site

A

enzyme

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9
Q

not used up in reaction rather recylced

A

enzyme

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10
Q

convert target molecule (substrate) into different molecule (product)

A

enzyme

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11
Q

speed up catabolic reactions in biological systems

A

enzyme

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12
Q

an enzymes co-factor is what

A

inorganic like a mineral

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13
Q

an enzymes co-enzyme is what

A

orgainic like vitamin

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14
Q

explain what is meant by enzymes are catalysts

A

they increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being affted by the reaction

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15
Q

cataylsts

A

speed up catabolic reactions in biological systems

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16
Q

energy needed to start a reaction

A

activation energy

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17
Q

apoenzyme

A

particular protein enzyme

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18
Q

inorganic substance like mineral

A

cofactor

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19
Q

organic substance like vitamin

A

coenzyme

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20
Q

specific three-demensional shape and complex with substrates they act upon

A

active site

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21
Q

target molecule for enzyme

A

substrate

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22
Q

end molecule for enzyme

A

product

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23
Q

gylcolysis

A

sugar splitting
can occur with or without oxygen
10 step pathway that convert 6 carbon glucose into 2 3 carbon pyruvate molecules
net yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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24
Q

intermediate between glycolysis and krebs

A

pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 removed) and oxide toform acetate 2C
NADH produced
acetate joins with high energy CoA to form Acetyl CoA

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25
Q

Krebs cycle

A 
Acetyl CoA joins cycle
complete oxidation of glucose
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
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26
Q

oxidative phosphorlation

A
  • electrons in NADH and FADH2 are used in electron transport chain to drive synthesis of ATP
  • electrons transport chain passes electrons down chain
  • ATP synthase harvest energy released by electron transport chain
  • protons pumped out during ET pass back through channels on the ATP synthase that phosphorylate ADP to ATP
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27
Q

final electron receptor of oxidative phosphorylation

A

oxygen

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28
Q

how many ATP per glucose molcule in oxidative phosphorylation

A

38

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29
Q

during anaerobic respiration some prokayotes can respire using inorganic molecules other than ??? as final electron receptor

A

oxygen

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30
Q

because anaerobic resp generates less energy than aerobic resp these organisms

A

grow slowly

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31
Q

less ATP per glucose molecule when compared to aerobic resp

A

anaerobic

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32
Q

does anaerobic resp use the electron transport chain

A

yes

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33
Q

final electron receptor is inorganic but not oxygen

A

anaerobic resp

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34
Q

describe how anaerobic resp is different from aerobic resp

A

anaerobic resp doesnt use oxygen and produces less ATP per glucose molecule

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35
Q

anaerobic resp is different from fermentation

A

fermentation is used in organisms that dont have an electron transport chain
fermentation final electron acceptor is an organic molecule

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36
Q

fermentation

A
  • partial oxidation of sugar to release energy
  • anaerobic process that releases energy from sugars by oxidation
  • 2 ATP per glucose molecule
  • used by organisms that cannot respire either because oxygen is not available or they do not have an electron transport chain
  • produce lactic acid causes tooth decay and food spoilage
  • ethanol - wine, beer, bread
  • propionic acid - cheese flavor
  • final electron receptor pyruvic acid
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37
Q

used by organisms that cannot respire either because oxygen is not available or they do not have an electron transport chain

A

fermentation

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38
Q

role of chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation

A

using ion gradients to generate ATP

ATP synthases

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39
Q

make won food by reducing CO2
light = energy source; carbon dioxide as carbon source
photosynthetic bacteria- algae and green plants
produce oxygen
green and purple sulfer, and cynobacteria

A

photoautotrophs

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40
Q

using ready made organic molecules for food
light=energy source; organic compounds as carbon source
does not produce oxygen–anoxgenic
purple and green nonsulfer bacteria

A

photoheterotrophs

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41
Q

make own food by reducing CO2
inorganic compounds = energy source
carbon dioxide = carbon source
iron, sulfer, hydrogen and nitrifyling bacteria

A

chemoautotrophs

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42
Q

using ready made organic molecules for food
energy and carbon source = glucose
most all bacteria, all protozoans, fungi, and animals

A

chemoheterotrophs

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43
Q

incease in population mass (number of cells) rather than size of organism

A

growth

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44
Q

time for population of cells to double in number

A

doubling (generation) time

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45
Q

asexual reproduction in unicelluar organisms by division into 2 daughter cells

A

binary fission

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46
Q

cold loving - grow in cold water and soil
-5C -15C
found in artic and antartic

A

psychrophiles

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47
Q

cannot grow above 20C

A

obliagate psychrophiles

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48
Q

grow best at 20C but can grow above

A

facultative psychrophiles

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49
Q

grow at 0-35C
spoilage microoranism
staphylococcus aureas
listeria monocytogenes (hot dogs and bologna)
grow on refrigerated food and cause food- borne illness

A

pyschrotrophs

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50
Q

grow at 25C-45C
optimum at 37C
most disease causing bacteria in humans
E. coli
syphillis grows on hottest part of the body
leprosy grows slightly cooler than human trunk

A

Meophiles

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51
Q

heat loving - hot tub bacteria
grows at 45C - 70C
yogurt

A

Thermophiles

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52
Q

Extreme heat
grows best at 70C - 110C
archaea - hot springs, hyropthermal vents

A

Hyper thermphiles

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53
Q

minimal temp for bacterial to grow

A

minimal growth temp

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54
Q

what temp bacteria grow best at

A

optimal growth temp

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55
Q

max temp bacteria can grow

A

maximum growth temp

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56
Q

perferred pH of 5-8

A

neutrphiles

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57
Q

preferred pH <5.5

live in dry, acid soils around volcanoes

A

Acidophiles

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58
Q

preferred pH >8.5

live in alkaline lakes and soils

A

Alkalinophiles

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59
Q

importance of osmotic pressure to microbial growth

A

prokaryotes that can grow in high solute solutions increase their intrenal solute concentrations by either pumping ions into cell or synthesizing small organic compounds

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60
Q

component of amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids and sugars

61
Q

component of all cellualar constitution

62
Q

often rate limiting growth factor, component of all amino acids and nucleic acids

63
Q

can grow in relatively high sugar solution

A

osmotolerant or osmophile

64
Q

requires very high NaCl, some require >20%

A

extreme halophile

65
Q

require high salt

A

obliage halophile

66
Q

do not require salt but can tolerate salt up to about 2%

A

facultative halophile

67
Q

dryness - fingi, dehydrated or dried food, beef jerky

68
Q

exist under extreme high pressure
pressure exerted by water (hydrostatic)
deep sea micbores

A

barophiles

69
Q

absolute requirement for oxygen, genrate energy in aerobic respiration, catalase and superoxide dismutase

A

obligate aerobes

70
Q

type of bacteria that grows at the very top of broth all packed together

A

obligate aerobes

71
Q

cannot multiply if any oxygen is present, use anaerobic respiration/fermentation for energy, do not have catalase or superoxide dismutase

A

obligate anaerobes

72
Q

grow dispersedly from bottom to middle

A

obligate anaerobes

73
Q

indifferent in oxygen, can grow with oxygen presence but not use it to transform energy, do not use aerobic metabolism

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

74
Q

grow dispersedly throughout broth

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

75
Q

grow better with oxygen but can grow without it, use aerobic resp if oxygen is available and anaerobic or fermentation if it its not; have catalase and superoxide dismutase

A

faculative anaerobes

76
Q

grow mainly toward the top of broth but some toward bottom

A

faculative anaerobes

77
Q

require small amounts of oxygen (2%-10%) for aerobic resp, have small amounts of catalase

A

microaerophiles

78
Q

grow in broth near the top all compacted together

A

microaerophiles

79
Q

describe how oxygen can be fatal and how organisms protect themselves from toxic forms of oxygen

A

oxygen requirement/ tolerance reflects organisms energy-converting mechanisms (aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation and its ability to detoxify oxygen derivatives

80
Q

break down hydrogen peroxide, using a reducing agent

81
Q

broken down by peroxidase, using a reducing agent

A

hydrogen peroxide

82
Q

breaks down superoxide anion

A

superoxide dismutase

83
Q

meaning of -phile

A

love of or friendship

84
Q

requires certain environmental factors

85
Q

are not as set in stone to enviromental factors and can wiggle one way or the other a little

A

facultative

86
Q

antioxidant enzymes that most obliage anaerobes lack

A

catalase or superoxide dismutase

87
Q

time for population of cells to double in number

A

generation time

88
Q

number of cells not increasing; bacteria synthesizing macromolecules needed for growth; metabolism, new DNA

89
Q

cells divide at constant rate (exponential growth)

90
Q

bacteris stop growing after they have used up all required nutrients or oxygen
cell growth = cell death

A

stationary phase

91
Q

growth levels out, food is limited, metabolic waste is building up

A

stationary phase

92
Q

number of viable cells decrease at a constant rate

A

death phase

93
Q

transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next

94
Q

necessary functions, organisms complete set of DNA, including all of its gene

95
Q

thread like strand of DNA that carries genes

A

chromosome

96
Q

functional unit of DNA- piece of DNA that codes for either of polypeptide or protein

97
Q

different forms of genes found at the same place on a chromosome (brown and blue eyes)

98
Q

actual gene- complete heritable genetic idenity

Ex. TtBB

99
Q

appearance of gene - discription of actual physical characteristics (height, hair, and eye color)

100
Q

nitrogenous bases pairs supported by a sugar phosphate backbone double-helix

101
Q

origin, helicases, replication fork, DNA polymerase, leading strand, lagging strand, semiconservative replication

102
Q

two main functions of DNA

A

replication- DNA, with all its genes, must be copied every time a cell divides
expression- genes on DNA must control characteristics

103
Q

name the 4 nucleotides in DNA

A

thymine
adenine
guanine
cytosine

104
Q

name the 4 nucleotides in RNA

A

uracil
adenine
guanine
cytosine

105
Q

two strand of DNA are said to be antiparallel

A

two strands of DNA have opposite chemical polarity, sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite directions

106
Q

unzio DNA helix

separates the DNA into template strands

107
Q

enzyme used in replication of a new DNA strand from a single-stand template

A

DNA polymerase

108
Q

allows DNA polymerase to bind and start replication

A

RNA primer

109
Q

essential enzymes within all cells that seals breaks in the phosphate-sugar backbone of DNA- joining Okazaki fragments (lagging strand)

A

DNA ligase

110
Q

replicated strand of DNA that grows continously without any gap

A

leading strand of DNA

111
Q

its does not require DNA ligase

A

leading strand of DNA

112
Q

direction of growth is 5’-3’

A

leading strand of DNA

113
Q

only a single RNA primer is required

A

leading strand of DNA

114
Q

template open in 3’-5’ direction

A

leading strand of DNA

115
Q

replicated strand of DNA which is formed in short segments called Okazaki fragments

A

lagging strand of DNA

116
Q

DNA ligase is required

A

lagging strand of DNA

117
Q

direction of growth 3’-5’

A

lagging strand of DNA

118
Q

okazaki fragment is 5’-3’

A

lagging strand of DNA

119
Q

starting of each Okazaki fragments requires a new…

A

RNA primer

120
Q

template open in 5’-3’

A

lagging strand

121
Q

during DNA replication the two strand seperate and each strand has a complimentary strand bulit onto it this is referred to as…

A

semi-conservative

122
Q

semi-conservative DNA replication

A

each new DNA molecule is composed of one conserved strand from the original molecule and one new strand

123
Q

what is transcription

A

DNA is transcribed as RNA to produce mRNA, which carries information needed for protein synthesis
- building RNA copy of DNA

124
Q

promoter

A

start of single RNA polymer

125
Q

function of RNA polymerase

A

find promoter on gene, DNA undwind, transcribe DNA to RNA

126
Q

in prokaryotic cells where does transcription occur

127
Q

in eukaryotic cells where does transcription occue

128
Q

what is translation

A

mRNA formed in transcription is transported out of the nucleus to ribosome; mRNA directs protein synthseis with assisatnce of tRNA

129
Q

transcription

A

decoding of mRNa message into protein chain

130
Q

coverts mRNA sequence into amino acids that form proteins

A

transcription

131
Q

mRNA

A

messanger RNA

carries “gene” info for amino acid sequence

132
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA carry amino acod to ribosomes during translastion

133
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA found only in ribosomes

134
Q

what are codons

A

3 mRNA base that represnts 1 amino acid

135
Q

what is genetic code

A

set of ruless by which info encoded within genetic material is translasted into proteins by living cells

136
Q

start codon

A

start translation

137
Q

stop codon

A

stop translation

138
Q

any change in DNA that is heritable

139
Q

point mutation

A

change in base of DNA

140
Q

change in one base either induced or spontaneous

A

point mutation

141
Q

induced point mutation

A

something in the environmet; radiation X-rays, and chemicals

142
Q

2 types of frameshift mutation

A

insertion and deletion

143
Q

inserts one or bases of DNA

A

insertion frameshift mutation

144
Q

removes one or more bases of DNA

A

deletion frameshift mutation

145
Q

silent mutation

A

no visable change

146
Q

missense mutation

A

change in amino acid (good, bad, ugly, or neutral)

147
Q

nonsense mutation

A

put stop codon where it doesnt belong

148
Q

what is mutagen

A

physical or chemical agent that changes the genestic material

MIcro (7 decks)

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