Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
all chemical reactions that occur within a cell
A
metabolism
2
Q
proccess that use energy to synthesize and assemble “build-up”
A
anabolism
3
Q
endergonic reaction
A
anabolism
4
Q
process that capture and store energy by breakin down complex molecules into simlier ones
A
catabolism
5
Q
Exergonic reaction
A
catabolism
6
Q
releases energy and electrons
A
calabolism reaction
7
Q
proteins that work in metabolism by lowering the energy of activation
A
enzymes
8
Q
have specific three-dimensional shape and complex with substrate and act upon active site
A
enzyme
9
Q
not used up in reaction rather recylced
A
enzyme
10
Q
convert target molecule (substrate) into different molecule (product)
A
enzyme
11
Q
speed up catabolic reactions in biological systems
A
enzyme
12
Q
an enzymes co-factor is what
A
inorganic like a mineral
13
Q
an enzymes co-enzyme is what
A
orgainic like vitamin
14
Q
explain what is meant by enzymes are catalysts
A
they increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being affted by the reaction
15
Q
cataylsts
A
speed up catabolic reactions in biological systems
16
Q
energy needed to start a reaction
A
activation energy
17
Q
apoenzyme
A
particular protein enzyme
18
Q
inorganic substance like mineral
A
cofactor
19
Q
organic substance like vitamin
A
coenzyme
20
Q
specific three-demensional shape and complex with substrates they act upon
A
active site
21
Q
target molecule for enzyme
A
substrate
22
Q
end molecule for enzyme
A
product
23
Q
gylcolysis
A
sugar splitting
can occur with or without oxygen
10 step pathway that convert 6 carbon glucose into 2 3 carbon pyruvate molecules
net yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
24
Q
intermediate between glycolysis and krebs
A
pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 removed) and oxide toform acetate 2C
NADH produced
acetate joins with high energy CoA to form Acetyl CoA
25
Krebs cycle
```
Acetyl CoA joins cycle
complete oxidation of glucose
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
```
26
oxidative phosphorlation
- electrons in NADH and FADH2 are used in electron transport chain to drive synthesis of ATP
- electrons transport chain passes electrons down chain
- ATP synthase harvest energy released by electron transport chain
- protons pumped out during ET pass back through channels on the ATP synthase that phosphorylate ADP to ATP
27
final electron receptor of oxidative phosphorylation
oxygen
28
how many ATP per glucose molcule in oxidative phosphorylation
38
29
during anaerobic respiration some prokayotes can respire using inorganic molecules other than ??? as final electron receptor
oxygen
30
because anaerobic resp generates less energy than aerobic resp these organisms
grow slowly
31
less ATP per glucose molecule when compared to aerobic resp
anaerobic
32
does anaerobic resp use the electron transport chain
yes
33
final electron receptor is inorganic but not oxygen
anaerobic resp
34
describe how anaerobic resp is different from aerobic resp
anaerobic resp doesnt use oxygen and produces less ATP per glucose molecule
35
anaerobic resp is different from fermentation
fermentation is used in organisms that dont have an electron transport chain
fermentation final electron acceptor is an organic molecule
36
fermentation
- partial oxidation of sugar to release energy
- anaerobic process that releases energy from sugars by oxidation
- 2 ATP per glucose molecule
- used by organisms that cannot respire either because oxygen is not available or they do not have an electron transport chain
- produce lactic acid causes tooth decay and food spoilage
- ethanol - wine, beer, bread
- propionic acid - cheese flavor
- final electron receptor pyruvic acid
37
used by organisms that cannot respire either because oxygen is not available or they do not have an electron transport chain
fermentation
38
role of chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation
using ion gradients to generate ATP
| ATP synthases
39
make won food by reducing CO2
light = energy source; carbon dioxide as carbon source
photosynthetic bacteria- algae and green plants
produce oxygen
green and purple sulfer, and cynobacteria
photoautotrophs
40
using ready made organic molecules for food
light=energy source; organic compounds as carbon source
does not produce oxygen--anoxgenic
purple and green nonsulfer bacteria
photoheterotrophs
41
make own food by reducing CO2
inorganic compounds = energy source
carbon dioxide = carbon source
iron, sulfer, hydrogen and nitrifyling bacteria
chemoautotrophs
42
using ready made organic molecules for food
energy and carbon source = glucose
most all bacteria, all protozoans, fungi, and animals
chemoheterotrophs
43
incease in population mass (number of cells) rather than size of organism
growth
44
time for population of cells to double in number
doubling (generation) time
45
asexual reproduction in unicelluar organisms by division into 2 daughter cells
binary fission
46
cold loving - grow in cold water and soil
-5C -15C
found in artic and antartic
psychrophiles
47
cannot grow above 20C
obliagate psychrophiles
48
grow best at 20C but can grow above
facultative psychrophiles
49
grow at 0-35C
spoilage microoranism
staphylococcus aureas
listeria monocytogenes (hot dogs and bologna)
grow on refrigerated food and cause food- borne illness
pyschrotrophs
50
grow at 25C-45C
optimum at 37C
most disease causing bacteria in humans
E. coli
syphillis grows on hottest part of the body
leprosy grows slightly cooler than human trunk
Meophiles
51
heat loving - hot tub bacteria
grows at 45C - 70C
yogurt
Thermophiles
52
Extreme heat
grows best at 70C - 110C
archaea - hot springs, hyropthermal vents
Hyper thermphiles
53
minimal temp for bacterial to grow
minimal growth temp
54
what temp bacteria grow best at
optimal growth temp
55
max temp bacteria can grow
maximum growth temp
56
perferred pH of 5-8
neutrphiles
57
preferred pH <5.5
| live in dry, acid soils around volcanoes
Acidophiles
58
preferred pH >8.5
| live in alkaline lakes and soils
Alkalinophiles
59
importance of osmotic pressure to microbial growth
prokaryotes that can grow in high solute solutions increase their intrenal solute concentrations by either pumping ions into cell or synthesizing small organic compounds
60
component of amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids and sugars
carbon
61
component of all cellualar constitution
hydrogen
62
often rate limiting growth factor, component of all amino acids and nucleic acids
nitrogen
63
can grow in relatively high sugar solution
osmotolerant or osmophile
64
requires very high NaCl, some require >20%
extreme halophile
65
require high salt
obliage halophile
66
do not require salt but can tolerate salt up to about 2%
facultative halophile
67
dryness - fingi, dehydrated or dried food, beef jerky
xerophile
68
exist under extreme high pressure
pressure exerted by water (hydrostatic)
deep sea micbores
barophiles
69
absolute requirement for oxygen, genrate energy in aerobic respiration, catalase and superoxide dismutase
obligate aerobes
70
type of bacteria that grows at the very top of broth all packed together
obligate aerobes
71
cannot multiply if any oxygen is present, use anaerobic respiration/fermentation for energy, do not have catalase or superoxide dismutase
obligate anaerobes
72
grow dispersedly from bottom to middle
obligate anaerobes
73
indifferent in oxygen, can grow with oxygen presence but not use it to transform energy, do not use aerobic metabolism
aerotolerant anaerobes
74
grow dispersedly throughout broth
aerotolerant anaerobes
75
grow better with oxygen but can grow without it, use aerobic resp if oxygen is available and anaerobic or fermentation if it its not; have catalase and superoxide dismutase
faculative anaerobes
76
grow mainly toward the top of broth but some toward bottom
faculative anaerobes
77
require small amounts of oxygen (2%-10%) for aerobic resp, have small amounts of catalase
microaerophiles
78
grow in broth near the top all compacted together
microaerophiles
79
describe how oxygen can be fatal and how organisms protect themselves from toxic forms of oxygen
oxygen requirement/ tolerance reflects organisms energy-converting mechanisms (aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation and its ability to detoxify oxygen derivatives
80
break down hydrogen peroxide, using a reducing agent
catalase
81
broken down by peroxidase, using a reducing agent
hydrogen peroxide
82
breaks down superoxide anion
superoxide dismutase
83
meaning of -phile
love of or friendship
84
requires certain environmental factors
obligate
85
are not as set in stone to enviromental factors and can wiggle one way or the other a little
facultative
86
antioxidant enzymes that most obliage anaerobes lack
catalase or superoxide dismutase
87
time for population of cells to double in number
generation time
88
number of cells not increasing; bacteria synthesizing macromolecules needed for growth; metabolism, new DNA
lag phase
89
cells divide at constant rate (exponential growth)
log phase
90
bacteris stop growing after they have used up all required nutrients or oxygen
cell growth = cell death
stationary phase
91
growth levels out, food is limited, metabolic waste is building up
stationary phase
92
number of viable cells decrease at a constant rate
death phase
93
transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next
heredity
94
necessary functions, organisms complete set of DNA, including all of its gene
genome
95
thread like strand of DNA that carries genes
chromosome
96
functional unit of DNA- piece of DNA that codes for either of polypeptide or protein
gene
97
different forms of genes found at the same place on a chromosome (brown and blue eyes)
allele
98
actual gene- complete heritable genetic idenity
| Ex. TtBB
genotype
99
appearance of gene - discription of actual physical characteristics (height, hair, and eye color)
phenotype
100
nitrogenous bases pairs supported by a sugar phosphate backbone double-helix
DNA
101
origin, helicases, replication fork, DNA polymerase, leading strand, lagging strand, semiconservative replication
DNA
102
two main functions of DNA
replication- DNA, with all its genes, must be copied every time a cell divides
expression- genes on DNA must control characteristics
103
name the 4 nucleotides in DNA
thymine
adenine
guanine
cytosine
104
name the 4 nucleotides in RNA
uracil
adenine
guanine
cytosine
105
two strand of DNA are said to be antiparallel
two strands of DNA have opposite chemical polarity, sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite directions
106
unzio DNA helix
| separates the DNA into template strands
Helicase
107
enzyme used in replication of a new DNA strand from a single-stand template
DNA polymerase
108
allows DNA polymerase to bind and start replication
RNA primer
109
essential enzymes within all cells that seals breaks in the phosphate-sugar backbone of DNA- joining Okazaki fragments (lagging strand)
DNA ligase
110
replicated strand of DNA that grows continously without any gap
leading strand of DNA
111
its does not require DNA ligase
leading strand of DNA
112
direction of growth is 5'-3'
leading strand of DNA
113
only a single RNA primer is required
leading strand of DNA
114
template open in 3'-5' direction
leading strand of DNA
115
replicated strand of DNA which is formed in short segments called Okazaki fragments
lagging strand of DNA
116
DNA ligase is required
lagging strand of DNA
117
direction of growth 3'-5'
lagging strand of DNA
118
okazaki fragment is 5'-3'
lagging strand of DNA
119
starting of each Okazaki fragments requires a new...
RNA primer
120
template open in 5'-3'
lagging strand
121
during DNA replication the two strand seperate and each strand has a complimentary strand bulit onto it this is referred to as...
semi-conservative
122
semi-conservative DNA replication
each new DNA molecule is composed of one conserved strand from the original molecule and one new strand
123
what is transcription
DNA is transcribed as RNA to produce mRNA, which carries information needed for protein synthesis
- building RNA copy of DNA
124
promoter
start of single RNA polymer
125
function of RNA polymerase
find promoter on gene, DNA undwind, transcribe DNA to RNA
126
in prokaryotic cells where does transcription occur
cytoplsam
127
in eukaryotic cells where does transcription occue
nucleus
128
what is translation
mRNA formed in transcription is transported out of the nucleus to ribosome; mRNA directs protein synthseis with assisatnce of tRNA
129
transcription
decoding of mRNa message into protein chain
130
coverts mRNA sequence into amino acids that form proteins
transcription
131
mRNA
messanger RNA
| carries "gene" info for amino acid sequence
132
tRNA
transfer RNA carry amino acod to ribosomes during translastion
133
rRNA
ribosomal RNA found only in ribosomes
134
what are codons
3 mRNA base that represnts 1 amino acid
135
what is genetic code
set of ruless by which info encoded within genetic material is translasted into proteins by living cells
136
start codon
start translation
137
stop codon
stop translation
138
any change in DNA that is heritable
mutation
139
point mutation
change in base of DNA
140
change in one base either induced or spontaneous
point mutation
141
induced point mutation
something in the environmet; radiation X-rays, and chemicals
142
2 types of frameshift mutation
insertion and deletion
143
inserts one or bases of DNA
insertion frameshift mutation
144
removes one or more bases of DNA
deletion frameshift mutation
145
silent mutation
no visable change
146
missense mutation
change in amino acid (good, bad, ugly, or neutral)
147
nonsense mutation
put stop codon where it doesnt belong
148
what is mutagen
physical or chemical agent that changes the genestic material
