Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MIcro > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 4 major processes of living cells.

A
  1. Growth- increase in size and complexity
  2. Reproduction- production of new cells or of a new individual. sexual/asexual
  3. Responsiveness- ability to detect changes (stimuli) in external or internal environment and respond to them.
  4. Metabolism- all chemical reactions that occur within a cell- all living things transform matter and energy to live
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells the same?

A
  • Both are surronded by a plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer) that defines their boundaries.
  • Both encode genetic information in DNA molecules.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?

A 
Eu has nucleus and Pro does not
Eu has nucleolus and Pro does not
Eu has cytoskelton and Pro does not
Eu divides by mitosis or meosis and Pro divides by binary fission
Eu has histones and Pro does not
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the function of the glycocalyx.

A

– Enables certain bacteria to resist phagocytic
engulfment by white blood cells
– Enables some bacteria to adhere to
environmental surfaces to colonize and resist
flushing (rocks, human teeth)
– Protects against dehydration (dessication)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the clinical significance of the glycocalyx.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
– Pathogenic with capsule
– Nonpathogenic without capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are flagella?

A

Long filamentous
appendages that
function in propelling
the bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of the flagella?

A

-Filament – rigid, extends from cell surface (flagellin protein)
– Hook – flexible coupling between filament and basal body
– Basal body – a rod and series of rings that anchor the flagellum and the cytoplasmic membrane molecular motor that enables flagellum rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Flagella arrangements:

A

Monotrichous-single flagellum, at one pole
Amphitrichous- single flagellum, at both poles
Lophotrichous- two or more flagellum at one or both poles
Peritrichous- flagella over entire surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Flagellar Function

A

• Locomotion (for most of bacteria capable of

motility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Clinical Significance of Flagella

A

H pylori (the causative agent for some forms of gastric ulcers in humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe positive chemotaxis, negative chemotaxis, positive phototaxis and negative phototaxis in relationship to a microbe’s motility.

A

Positive chemotaxis- move toward chemical ex pheromoes
Negative chemotaxis- move away from chemical ex fart on elevator
Positive phototaxis- move toaward light ex. photosynthesis or food
Negative phototaxis- move away from light ex. so it doesnt harm it or somethng moving toward light doesnt harm or kill organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fimbriae (Attachment Pili)

A

attachment pili, hair-like projections found in many gram-neg bacteria, used for attachment not movement, found at poles to hlep bacteria adhere to surfaces.

  • Contribute to pathogenicity
  • Clinically significant in N gonorrhoeae and E coli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pili

A

Conjugation (sex) pili
– Found only in certain groups of bacteria
– Attaches two cells to provide a pathway to
transfer genetic material (conjugation)
– Important mechanism of transferring antibiotic
resistance.
The extra gene is used for antibiotic resistance. Can make hospital antibiotic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Axial Filament

A
  • cork screw motion, screw into skin
  • extend from both ends of bacterium between outer membrane and cell wall.
  • Clinically significant: can bore through tissue as in Treponema pallidum (causative agent of syphilis) and B burgdorferi (lyme disease)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the chemical composition of peptidoglycan

A
  • 10-65 NAG/NAM molecules joined in chain (glycan)
  • Parallel chains held together by peptide cross bridges
  • sugars in the body are in D form/ amino acids are in L form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gram –Positive Cell Walls

A
  • Very thick peptidoglycan
  • Lipoteichoic acid (link to plasma membrane)
  • Teichoic acid (linked to peptidoglycan)
  • Stains purple
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gram- Negative Cell Walls

A
  • Very few layers of peptidoglycan
  • Outer membrane – LPS, lipoproteins, phopholipids
  • Fluid-filled space between outer and plasma membrane
  • Contains digestive enzymes and transport proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lipid A

A

Endotoxin

toxicity or poisining to patient seen as flu symptoms/ DIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the differences of the cell walls of bacterial, archaeal, mycoplasma and L-forms.

A

Bacteria: semi rigid, lies outside of cell membrane, often porous, does not regulate the entry of materials into or out of the cell, composed of peptidoglycan
Archaea: lack cell walls or unique cell walls (no peptidoglycan)
Mycoplasma: do not have cell walls- unique plasma membranes (sterols)
L-forms: can live with or without their cell walls- they have cell walls and then lose their ability to make them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Clinical significance of L-forms

A
  • they turn gene genesis off making it difficult to treat.
  • may play a role in recurent chronic disease
  • often results from treatment or antibiotics specific for cell destruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the function and clinical significance of biofilms.

A

Function: impede or inibit antimicrobial drugs and allow bacteria to retain nutreints
CS: make treatment much more difficult and prolonged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain the fluid mosaic model of cytoplasmic membrane structure.

A

Selectively permable conduit, both hydrophillic and hydophobic, highly dynamic and organized, loaction of variety of critical metabolic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the prokaryotic cytoplasm and its basic content

A
  • 80% water
  • Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
  • Inorganic ions
  • Inclusions
  • Ribosomes
  • Nuclear area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the basic structure, function and clinical significance of prokaryotic ribosomes.

A
  • translation and proteins synthesis*
  • protein and rRNA
  • Streptomycin inhibits protein synthesis by attaching to 30S subunit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Identify the functions and clinical significanceof the nucleoid in the prokaryotic cell.
Chromosome genes for structure and function
26
Describe the function and clinical significance plasmids
- Spead antibiotic resistant genes | - Organisms resistant to more than one antibiotic
27
Describe the function and clinical significance of endospores
Spread disease-very hard to get rid of
28
The bacterial cell wall is important because it
Protects the cell from the environment
29
The primary substance making up the bacterial cell wall is
Peptidoglycan
30
Peptidoglycan is made up of
repeating NAG NAM molecules
31
Gram-positive cell walls differ from Gram-negative cells in that the Gram positive ones contain
Teichoic acids
32
Wall teichoic acids
go only halfway through the cell wall
33
Lipoteichoic acids
go completely through the cell wall
34
Teichoic acids
are involved in respiratory infections
35
Gram-negative organisms differ from Gram-positive organisms in that Gram-negative
have an outer membrane
36
Gram-negative organisms contain
translocation proteins
37
Mycoplasma is an organism that
has no cell wall
38
Mycolic acid
is found only in certain Gram-positive bacteria
39
Lipid A is
part of the endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria
40
O polysaccharides are
used to identify certain bacteria
41
All of the following are associated with the exterior of the bacterial except: ``` Fimbriae Phospholipid bilayers pili flagella axial filaments ```
Phospholipid bilayers
42
Slime layers and capsules are part of
the glycocalyx
43
The presence of a capsule
causes bacteria to become more infective
44
Fimbriae are involved with
staying in the host
45
Pili are responsible for what?
immune response movement of bacteria transfer of genetic info
46
Axial filaments are
same as flagella
47
flagella located around an entire bacterial cell are called
Peritrichous flagella
48
The plasma membrane is composed of
a phospholipid bilayer
49
Integral proteins
go all the way through the membranes
50
Plasmids are
- circular DNA particles within a micro organism that is not part of the main DNA of the cell. - it carries many information that allows adaptation of the cell to particular enviroments. - plasmids are also used as vectors to introduce certain traits into cells that do not naturally have that triat.
51
Bacterial ribosomes
are involved in protein synthesis
52
Bacterial ribosomes are clinically important because they
are resistant to antibiotics
53
Bacterial endospores are
resistant to heat
54
Define atrichous
bacteria without flagella (cocci rarely have flagella)
55
Microbiology
is the scientific study of microorganisms
56
Exaplain what a microorganism is
microbes are living organisms that are usually to small to be seen with the naked eye
57
6 main classes of microorganisms
``` Viruses Bacteria Archaea Fungi Protozoa Algae ```
58
Helminths
*not microorganism* Parasitic worms of mecical importance. Use microbiology techniques to identify-usually looking for eggs in feces. They feed off of host, when somebody is about to die the worms will come out of the body anyway possible
59
Arthropod Vectors
*not microorganism* | Animals that carry disease from one host to another. Ex. Mosquitoes, ticks, lice, fleas, mite, ect
60
Properties of Viruses
Very small, acellualr, DNA or RNA gentic core, does not have cell wall
61
How Viruses differ from all other microbes
Acellular, virus is fragment for DNA and RNA an dit needs a cell to reproduce
62
Which domain is "obligate intracellaur parasite"
Virus--which means it must live within the cell, cannont multiply outside a living cell, cannot replicate inside a specific host
63
Properties of bacteria
Prokaryotic, complex cell wall made of peptidoglycan, diverse lifestyles, unicellular -spirical, rod, or spiral shaped
64
Eubacteria
types of bacteria that make up dangerous disease "true bacteria" belongs to bacteria domain
65
Archaebacteria
composed of single-celled organisms lacking organelles or a nucleus (prokaryotic). - cell wall without peptidoglycan - live in extreme environments - belongs to archaea domain
66
importance of peptidoglycan
makes up the cell wall of bacteria | determines if bacteria is Gram-negative or Gram-positive
67
Properties of Algae
Eukaryotic Cell wall-Cellulose Unicellular or multicellular Photosynthetic- fresh or salt water
68
Properties of Protozoa
``` Eukaryotic No cell wall Free or parasitic lifestyle Many shapes and movement Unicellular ```
69
Properties of Fungi
``` Eukaryote Cell wall- Chitin Absorbs organic material for nutrition unicellular-yeast multicellular- molds ```
70
Reasons why microorganisms are studied
- Large numbers found everywhere - On and in our bodies- normal microbiota - Human host 1500 different microbes - Pathogenic- cause disease - Air, soil, water in and on plants and animals - Perform fuctions essential for life on earth - -decompose plant and animal waste - -nutrient cycling - -food for higher organisms - -photosynthesis
71
Good things microbes are used for
- Soil-nitrogen fixation - Medicine-antibiotics (penicillin and tetracycline) and vaccines - Industrial- nail polish remover, acetone, vinegar - Make 50% of oxygen in atmosphere
72
Bad things microbes do
- Diesease; flu cold, leasles, plague, food poisoning - Food spoilage - Destruction of buildings and statues - Bioterrorism
73
Pathogen
any microbes that causes disease
74
opportunistic pathogen
opportunistic pathogen is a microbe that doesnt normally cause disease but can under the right circumstances
75
normal microbiota
microbes that exist in the bodies of all humans
76
Bioremediation
to use biological organisms to solve an enviromental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater
77
Bioterrorism
the use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or their toxins for threatening or harmful purpose. Bacillus anthracis- bacterium that causes anthrax. Smallpox- virus
78
Acellular
not consisting of, divided into, or containing cells.
79
Obliagate
restricted to a particular function or mode of life
80
Probiotics
are living microbes (mostly bacteria) that are similiar to beneficial microbes found in the human gut. "Friendly or good bacteria" Available to consumers mainly in the form of dietary supplements and food
81
genome
nucleoid (DNA) | chromosomes genes for structure and function
82
plasmid
organism resistant to more than one antibiotic
83
Conjugate pili
exchange of DNA
84
Pili clinical significance
spreads antibiotic resistance
85
Endotoxin
Gram-negative bacteria infection get into circualr tissure blood clotting
86
controls what comes in and out of cell
cell membrane
87
maintains cell shape
cell wall
88
Glycocalyx
enables certain bacteria to resist phagocytosis by WBC | protects against dehydaration
89
Bacteria under stressful times will shares genes or DNA randomly
Conjuction
90
Cytoplasmic Membrane
- Phospolipid bilayer embedded with protiens - Barrier between the cytoplasm and outside environment - Selectivevly permeable conduit - Defines the boundry of the cell - Hyrophillic and Hydrophobic components
91
Gram-negative cell wall
few layers of peptidoglycan outer membrane made of LPS, lipoproteins, phospholipids periplasmic space
92
DIC
gram-neg inf randomly blood clot throughout stream
93
Gram-positive cell wall
Very thick peptidoglycan | Teichoic acid
94
porins
let stuff in and out of cell in the cell membrane
95
What as no nucleus and peptidoglycan in the cell wall
Bacteria
96
Eukaryotic and Chitin in cell wall
Fungi
97
Eukaryotic and cellulose in cel wall
Algae
98
Eukaryotic and no cell wall
Protozoans
99
Acellular and no cell wall
Virus
100
Prokaryotic and chemically simple cell wall with no peptidoglycan
Archaea
101
Live in extreme environements
Archaea
102
Absorbs orgain material for nutrition
Fungi
103
Photosynthetic and lives in fresh or salt water
Algae
104
3 Unicellular classes are
Bacteria Archaea Protozoans
105
Can be with unicelluar or multicellular
Fungi and Algea
106
Neither unicellular or multicellular
Virus
107
Pili are absent in what type of cell
Eukaryotic
108
Polysaccaride and Polypeptide subunits
Glycocalyx
109
rigid, extends from cell surface
filament of flagella
110
flexible coupling between filament and basal body
hook of flagella
111
molecular motor that enables flagellum rotation
Basel Body

MIcro (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions