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MIcro > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

epidemiology

A

study of factors and mechanisms involved in the frequency and spread of diseases and other health-related problems within populations of humans, other animals, or plants

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2
Q

number of new cases contracted within a set population during a specific time period
(# new cases) / (# people at risk)

A

incidence

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3
Q

total of people infected within a population at any time

old + new cases) / (# people at risk

A

prevalence

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4
Q

number of individuals with a disease during a set period of time divided by the total population

A

morbidity

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5
Q

number of deaths due to a specific disease during a specific period of time divided by the total population

A

mortality

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6
Q

disease that normally occurs at a relatively stable frequency within a given population or geographical area

A

endemic

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7
Q

disease that appears as a few scattered cases with a population or geographical area

A

sporadic

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8
Q

disease that occurs with a greater than usual frequency within an area or population

A

epidemic

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9
Q

when an epidemic occurs in one or more continents at the same time

A

pandemic

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10
Q

arise from contact with contaminated substance

A

common source outbreak

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11
Q

amplification of infection as a result of person-to-person contact

A

propagated epidemics

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12
Q

holding tanks; sites where pathogens exist and are maintained as source of infection

A

reservoirs

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13
Q

3 types of reservoirs of infection for human disease

A
  1. Human carriers
  2. Animal reservoirs
  3. Nonliving reservoirs
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14
Q

Human carriers

A
  • humans with active disease are reservoirs of infection
  • carries- asymptomatic but infective
  • common cold viruses by inhalation of sneezed particles
  • HIV direct sexual contact or injection of contaminated blood products
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15
Q

Animals reservoirs

A
  • pathogens that infect domesticated or sylvatic animals can infect humans
  • routes: direct contact with animals, animal waste, eating animals, blood-sucking arthropods
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16
Q

nonliving reservoirs

A
  • soil - fecal contamination; endospores
  • food
  • water
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17
Q

example of human reservoir

A

S. aureas from normal flora or infected persons by contact

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18
Q

example of animal reservoirs

A

rabies and plague

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19
Q

example of nonliving reservoirs

A

coccidiodides immitis - airborne fungal spores are inhaled

vibrio cholera - ingested by contaminated drinking water

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20
Q

zoonotic disease

A

disease spread from animal host to humans

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21
Q

3 methods of disease transmission

A
  1. Contact
  2. Vehicle
  3. Vector
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22
Q

direct contact

A
  • person-to-person
  • placental
  • fecal-oral (#1 in world)
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23
Q

indirect contact

A

fomites

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24
Q

droplet transmission

A

mucus droplets

-less than 1 meter

25
Q

person-to-person, touching, handshaking, animal bite, sexual intercourse is what kind of contact

A

direct

26
Q

agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of nonliving object

A

indirect contact

27
Q

bedding, dishes, money, thermometer, contaminated needles is what kind of contact

A

indirect

28
Q

microbes spread in aerosol droplets discharge in air by sneezing, coughing, laughing, or talking is what kind of transmission

A

droplet

29
Q

spread by water contaminated with untreated sewage is what kind of vehicle transmission

A

waterborne

30
Q

pathogens transmitted in or on food that has been improperly prepared, cooked, or stored is what kind of vehicle transmission

A

food-borne

31
Q

spread of agents in aerosol droplets that travel more than 1 meter from reservoir or host is what kind of vehicle transmission

A

airborne

32
Q

biological vector transmission

A

specific relationship between vector and pathogen

-host is part of pathogens life cycle

33
Q

mechanical vector transmission

A

no direct relationship

-passive transport of pathogens on insects feet or other body parts

34
Q

portion of individuals in a community or population who are immune to a particular disease

A

herd immunity

35
Q

what is reemergence

A

not having kids vaccinated properly

36
Q

ways public health agencies work to limit the spread of disease

A
  • immunizations
  • inspections
  • water and sewage treatment
37
Q

infection disease that are potentially harmful to publics health and must be reported by physicians

A

nationally notifiable disease

38
Q

portals of exit

A

eyes (tears), ears (wax), nose, mouth, skin, blood, vaginal secretions/semen, urine, feces, sweat

39
Q

compromised host

A

more susceptible host

40
Q

conditions that create opportunities for normal microbiota to cause disease

A
  1. failure of host normal defenses
  2. introduction of the organisms into unusual body parts
  3. disturbances in normal microflora
41
Q

universal precautions

A

designed by the CDC to reduce the risk of spreading blood borne pathogens
blood, semen, vaginal, CSF

42
Q

nosocomial infection

A

infection acquired in the hospital or other medical facility

43
Q

microbes that enter patient from environment (external)

A

Exogenous infection

44
Q

infection caused by microbes from patients own microflora

A

endogenous infection

45
Q

infection caused by medical procedure

A

tatrogenic infection

46
Q

number 1 nosocomial infection

A

urinary tract

47
Q

types of contact transmission

A

direct, indirect, droplet

48
Q

inanimate objects that inadvertently transmit pathogens

A

fomites

49
Q

types of vehicle transmission

A

airborne, waterborne, body-fluid, food-borne

50
Q

body fluid transmission

A

blood, urine, salvia, semen

51
Q

used to prevent any body fluid from contacting conjunctive, breaks in skin, breaks in mucous membrane

A

universal precautions

52
Q

types of vector transmission

A

biological and mechanical

53
Q

patient with communicable disease is prevented from having contact with general population

A

isolation

54
Q

separation of healthy humans from the general population when they have been exposed to a communicable disease

A

quarantine

55
Q
  • increase herd immunity

- decrease death from infection disease

A

immunization

56
Q

vector control

A

insect and rodent control

57
Q

sites od nosocomial infections

A

urinary tract, surgical wounds, respiratory tract, skin, blood, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system

58
Q

nosocomial infection prevention and control

A
  • surveillance of nosocomial infections in patient and staff
  • microbiology lab
  • isolation procedures
  • accepted procedures for catheters and respirators
  • sanitation program
  • nosocomial disease education program

MIcro (7 decks)

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