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Clinical Microbiology > (exam 3) ch 20 Antimicrobial drugs > Flashcards

(exam 3) ch 20 Antimicrobial drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

what is selective toxicity?

A

selectively finding and destroying pathogens without damaging the host

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2
Q

___________ is the use of chemicals to treat a disease (not just used for cancer treatment)

A

chemotherapy

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3
Q

__________ is a substance produced by a microbe that in small amounts, inhibits another microbe. There are limited sources of these with human relevance.

A

Antibiotics

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4
Q

__________ are synthetic substances that interfere with the growth of microbes.

A

Antimicrobial drugs

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5
Q

which type of pathogen is the easiest to treat with antimicrobial drugs?

A

bacteria

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6
Q

what are drugs with a narrow spectrum of microbial activity?

A

drugs that affect a limited range of microbial drugs and are usually used after the pathogen has been identified

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7
Q

what are drugs with broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

affect a broad range of gram + and gram - bacteria and are often used for initial treatment to slow or kill whatever is growing

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8
Q

One disadvantage to using broad-spectrum antibiotics is that they ?

A

destroy normal microbiota

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9
Q

A _________ is the overgrowth of normal microbiota and overgrowth of pathogens that have developed antibiotic resistance.

A

superinfection

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10
Q

A __________ is bacteria that are resistant to large numbers of antibiotics.

A

superbug

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11
Q

If an antibiotic prevents bacteria from growing, then its action is termed?

A

bacteriostatic

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12
Q

If an antibiotic kills microbes directly, it’s action is termed?

A

bactericidal

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13
Q

Penicillin works by inhibiting ________ synthesis.

A

cell wall

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14
Q

what structure in penicillin prevents the synthesis of peptidoglycan?

A

B-lactam ring

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15
Q

Polypeptide antibiotics work by inhibiting ______ synthesis.

A

cell wall

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16
Q

how do drugs work to inhibit protein synthesis?

A

selective toxicity which targets bacterial 70S ribosomes

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17
Q

Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, whereas prokaryotes have ________ ribosomes.

A

70S

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18
Q

The mode of action of chloramphenicol is to?

A

inhibit protein synthesis

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19
Q

Aminoglycosides work by inhibiting _______ synthesis.

A

protein

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20
Q

Tetracyclines work by inhibiting _______ synthesis.

A

protein

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21
Q

The mode of action of lipopeptides is to?

A

injure the plasma membrane

22
Q

Antifungals which injure the plasma membrane target what?

A

sterols

23
Q

Rifamycin works by inhibiting _______ synthesis.

A

nucleic acid

24
Q

Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis does what to the pathogen?

A

interferes with DNA replication and transcription which prevents the microbe from growing and kills it

25
Q

Sulfanilamide works by inhibiting _______ synthesis?

A

essential metabolites

26
Q

inhibiting essential metabolite synthesis does what to the pathogen?

A

stops synthesis of folic acid which is needed for nucleic acid and protein synthesis so the cell can not grow and dies

27
Q

___________ are inhibitors that block host cell receptors and block fusion of virus and cell so there is no access to the host cell.

A

entry and fusion inhibitors

28
Q

what two steps of viral replication are affected by entry and fusion inhibitors?

A

attachment and entry

29
Q

_______________ are inhibitors that prevent viral uncaring, inhibit viral DNA integration into host genome, and nucleoside analogs inhibit RNA and DNA synthesis.

A

Uncoating, genome integration and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

30
Q

what two steps of viral replication are affected by entry and fusion inhibitors?

A

uncoating and biosynthesis

31
Q

Nucleoside analogs affect steps in _________ because they resemble DNA or RNA but cause termination of expanding chains.

A

virus replication (biosynthesis)

32
Q

__________ are a type of assembly and exit inhibitors that block cleavage of protein precursors.

A

protease inhibitors

33
Q

__________ are a type of assembly and exit inhibitors that inhibit neuraminidase, an enzyme that is needed for some viruses to bud deem the host.

A

exit inhibitors

34
Q

which two steps of viral replication are affected by assembly and exit inhibitors ?

A

maturation and release

35
Q

__________ are produced by viral infected host cells to inhibit further spread of the infection.

A

interferons

36
Q

_________ promotes interferon production.

A

imiquimod

37
Q

in order to provide good treatment, we need to know what about pathogens?

A

pathogen sensitivities

38
Q

_________ tests the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents by using paper disks with a chemotherapeutic ager on a container of agar containing the organism.

A

Disk diffusion method (aka. Kirby-Bauer test)

39
Q

what do we look for to indicate the sensitivity of an organism to an antibiotic in a disk diffusion test?

A

the zone of inhibition

40
Q

what does a large zone of inhibition indicate?

A

that a pathogen is sensitive to a certain antibiotic

41
Q

_________ is a test used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by using a plastic strip containing an antibiotic at varying concentrations.

A

E test (epsilometer)

42
Q

what is minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

A

lowest antibiotic concentration that prevents bacterial growth

43
Q

________ is a test used to determine BOTH MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of an antimicrobial drug.

A

Broth dilution tests

44
Q

what is minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) ?

A

lowest antibiotic concentration that kills bacteria

45
Q

what does the broth dilution test give valuable information about?

A

provides information that is used to prevent the overture or misuse of antibiotics by determining safe dosing

46
Q

________ reports on the susceptibility of organisms encountered clinically.

A

Antibiograms

47
Q

_________ are microbes with genetic characteristics allowing for their survival when exposed to an antibiotic; Vertical transmission of survival genes through reproduction.

A

persister cells

48
Q

how are resistance genes typically spread?

A

horizontally among bacteria on plasmids or transposons via conjugation or transduction

49
Q

_________ are bacteria that are resistant to large numbers of antibiotics (such as MRSA)

A

superbugs

50
Q

what are four mechanisms of resistance?

A

1) prevention of penetration to the target site within the microbe
2) enzymatic destruction or inactivation of the drug
3) alteration of the drug target site
4) rapid efflux (ejection) of the antibiotic before it reaches a high concentration in the cell

Clinical Microbiology (17 decks)

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