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Clinical Microbiology > (exam 3) ch 17 adaptive immunity: specific defenses of the host > Flashcards

(exam 3) ch 17 adaptive immunity: specific defenses of the host Flashcards

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1
Q

________ immunity is defenses against any pathogen; rapid and fast and is present at birth.

A

innate immunity

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2
Q

________ immunity is resistance to a specific pathogen; it is slower to response and has a memory component to it.

A

adaptive immunity

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3
Q

what are two ways that adaptive immunity can be acquired?

A

1) infection or 2) vaccination

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4
Q

what is the primary response of the adaptive immune system?

A

first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance

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5
Q

what is the secondary response of the adaptive immune system?

A

“the reencounter”- later infections with the same foreign substance; the immune response is faster and more effective due to the memory component

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6
Q

the adaptive immune system has a dual nature. what are the two components of this system?

A

1) Humoral immunity

2) Cellular immunity

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7
Q

________ immunity is the component of the adaptive immune system that fights invaders and threats outside cells; takes place in extracellular fluid; defense against bacteria, toxins, & viruses BEFORE they enter the host

A

humoral immunity ** home = protects the home (i.e cells)**

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8
Q

the humoral immune system is performed by protective molecules termed __________.

A

Antibodies = immunoglobulins (Ig)

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9
Q

antibodies recognize and combat foreign molecules called _______.

A

antigens

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10
Q

what type of cells are part of the humoral immunity (of the adaptive immune system)?

A

B cells (B lymphocytes)

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11
Q

______ are lymphocytes with antibodies to specific antigens on their surface.

A

B lymphocytes

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12
Q

Binding of surface antibodies to antigens activates B cells to do what?

A

secrete more antibodies against that particular antigen

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13
Q

_________ immunity is the component of the adaptive immune system that focuses on antigens that have already entered cells.

A

Cellular immunity (cell mediated immunity)

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14
Q

what type of cells are part of cell-mediated immunity (of the adaptive immune system)?

A

T cells (T lymphocytes)

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15
Q

______ are cells that recognize antigenic peptides processed by phagocytic cells.

A

T lymphocytes

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16
Q

__________ are on the T cell surface contact antigens that cause T cells to 1) destroy antigen presenting cell or 2) secrete cytokines instead of antibodies

A

T cell receptors (TCRs)

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17
Q

where do both B and T cells originate from?

A

from stem cells in red bone marrow

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18
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

mature in red bone marrow

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19
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

mature in the thymus

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20
Q

_______ are chemical messengers produced in response to a stimulus and are produced by most immune cells.

A

Cytokines

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21
Q

what are interleukins (ILs)?

A

type of cytokines; communication between leukocytes

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22
Q

what are chemokines?

A

type of cytokines; cause of migration of leukocytes (chemotaxis)

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23
Q

what are interferons (IFNs)?

A

type of cytokines; interfere with viral infections

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24
Q

what are tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a)?

A

type of cytokines; cause inflammation

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25
Q

what is a cytokine storm?

A

overproduction of cytokines resulting in tissue damage

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26
Q

______ are substances that cause the production of antibodies and are usually components of invading microbes or foreign substances.

A

antigens

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27
Q

______ are specific regions on antigens where antibodies will bind.

A

Epitopes

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28
Q

_______ are antigens that are too small to provoke immune responses; they require attachment to a carrier molecule in order for the immune system to recognize it

A

Haptens

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29
Q

once the immune system recognizes the Haptens, what happens to the carrier molecule?

A

it is no longer needed

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30
Q

_______ is the number of antigen-binding sites on antibodies.

A

valence

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31
Q

if an antibody is bivalent, what does this mean?

A

the antibody has two binding sites

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32
Q

the structure of antibodies is a four protein chains to form a Y-shape. What are the chains made up of?

A

two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains

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33
Q

how are the chains in antibodies connected?

A

joined by disulfide links

34
Q

_________ are at the ends of arms and bind to epitopes?

A

variable (v) regions

35
Q

_________ is the stem which is identical for particular Ig classes.

A

constant (Fc) region

36
Q

what are five classes of antibodies?

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, & IgE

37
Q

which class of antibodies is one of the most used?

A

IgG

38
Q

_______ has 80% of serum antibodies and is located in blood, lymph, and intestine; it passes through blood vessels into tissues.

A

IgG

39
Q

______ is made of 5 monomers and is very big; has 6% of blood serum antibodies; and is first response to infection which is very fast and short lived

A

IgM

40
Q

______ is 13% of blood serum antibodies and **prevents microbial attachment to mucous membranes. **

A

IgA

41
Q

__________ is genes that encode molecules on the surface of cells (that can be recognized by immune cells)

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

42
Q

where are class 1 MHCs located? what is the purpose of this gene?

A

on the membranes of all nucleated animal cells; critical in order to identify “ self” from non self (foreign antigens)

43
Q

where are class 2 MHCs located?

A

on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

44
Q

what are some examples of antigen presenting cells?

A

B cells, dendritic cells, or activated macrophages

45
Q

five steps of activation and clonal expansion:

1) inactive _______ contain surface Ig that bind to antigens
2) ______ internalized and processes the antigen
3) antigen fragments are displayed on MHC class _____ molecules
4) _______ contacts the displayed antigen fragment and releases cytokines that activate B cells
5) _______ undergoes proliferation (clonal expansion)

A

1) B cells
2) B cells
3) MHC class two
4) T helper cells (Th)
5) B cell

46
Q

clonal selection differentiates activated B cells into what two things?

A

1) antibody-producing plasma cells

2) Memory cells

47
Q

what are antibody-producing plasma cells ?

A

plasma cells that make antibodies and then secrete them into circulation

48
Q

what are the two methods of B cell activation?

A

1) T-dependent antigen

2) T-independent antigen

49
Q

what is T-dependent antigen activation of B cells?

A

antigen that REQUIRES a T helper cell in order to produce antibodies (resulting in a better immune response and memory)

50
Q

what is T-independent antigen activation of B cells?

A

stimulates B cells WITHOUT the help of T cells (usually molecules with repeating subunits) provoke a weak immune response and no memory cells are generated

51
Q

__________ complex forms when antibodies bind to antigens

A

antigen-antibody complex

52
Q

the closer the physical fit between the antigen-antibody complex, the strong the bond is which is called ?

A

affinity

53
Q

if the antigen-antibody complex has a high affinity that means ?

A

they have a strong bond

54
Q

if the antigen-antibody complex has a low affinity that means ?

A

they have a weak bond

55
Q

Antibodies alone do not damage antigens and pathogens; they protect the host by doing what?

A

by tagging foreign molecules or cells for destruction

56
Q

what is angulation?

A

antibodies cause antigens to clump together which reduces the number of infectious units to deal with

57
Q

what is opsonization?

A

coating antigen with antibodies which enhances phagocytosis of pathogen

58
Q

what is antibody-dependent-cell-mediated cytotoxicity?

A

similar to opsonization but the target cell is too large to be phagocytksed so the antibodies attach to target cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells

59
Q

what is neutralization?

A

antibody binds to antigen and blocks microbes and toxins from attaching to host cells

60
Q

what is activation of the complement system?

A

bound antibodies causes cytolysis, inflammation and opsonization to pathogen

61
Q

___________ are B cells/ dendritic cells/ or activated macrophages that use class 2 MHC on surface to present antigens to T cells.

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

62
Q

__________ have long extensions, engulf and degrade microbes to display them to T cells.

A

Dendritic cells (DCs)

63
Q

__________ are activated by cytokines or the ingestion of antigenic material; they migrate to the lymph tissues, presenting antigens to T cells

A

macrophages

64
Q

______________ are surface glycoproteins that are important for receptor binding.

A

Clusters of differentiation (CD)

65
Q

CD4+ T -cells are also known as ?

A

T helper cells (Th)

66
Q

what class MHC do CD4+ T cells bind to?

A

bind to class two molecules

67
Q

CD8+ T -cells are also known as ?

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

68
Q

what do CD4+ T-cells do?

A

help with cytokine signaling with B-cells; interact directly with antigens

69
Q

what class MHC do CD8+ T cells bind to?

A

bind to MHC class 1 molecules

70
Q

what do CD8+ T-cells do?

A

CTLs recognize and kill self-cells altered by infection; they also release perforin (pore forming protein) which can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death)

71
Q

what are naive T cells?

A

T cells that have not encountered a pathogen

72
Q

what are two types of nonspecific cells?

A

1) Natural Killer (NK) cells

2) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

73
Q

___________ are granular leukocytes that destroy cells that DON’T express MHC class one self-antigens; they form pores in the target cell leading to lysis or aptosis

A

natural killer (NK) cells

74
Q

__________ secretes chemicals to lyse the target cell because pathogens such as protozoans and helminths are too large to be phagocytized. It makes them a target cell by coating them with antibodies.

A

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity

75
Q

what is a secondary (memory) immune response?

A

occurs after the second exposure to an antigen

76
Q

what is different about a secondary immune response compared to the first?

A

it is a rapid response, lasts many days, and is greater in magnitude; the memory cells produced in the first immune response are activated by secondary exposure

77
Q

what is antibody titer?

A

direct way to measure the relative amount of antibody serum and reflects the intensity of humoral response

78
Q

immunity that is acquired from an infection is what type of immunity?

A

naturally acquired active immunity

79
Q

immunity acquired transplacental or via breast milk (usually young children / newborns) is what type of immunity?

A

naturally acquired passive immunity

80
Q

immunity acquired from a vaccine (immunization) is what type of immunity?

A

artificially acquired active immunity

81
Q

immunity acquired from an injection of antibodies is what type of immunity?

A

artificially acquired passive immunity

Clinical Microbiology (17 decks)

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