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Clinical Microbiology > (exam 1) ch 4 prokaryotes and eukaryotes > Flashcards

(exam 1) ch 4 prokaryotes and eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

what are 2 important differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

1) structure of the cell walls and structure of ribosomes differ 2) prokaryotes lack organelles and a true nucleus

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2
Q

what is morphology?

A

form and structure of living things

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3
Q

what is bacterial morphology?

A

size, shape, and arrangement of bacterial cells

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4
Q

what are the primary shapes of bacteria?

A

1) coccus (spherical) 2) bacillus (rod shaped) 3) spiral

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5
Q

what are the different arrangements basic names?

A

pairs, chains, groups of four, cubelike groups of eight, and clusters

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6
Q

what is coccus?

A

spherical shaped bacteria cocci (plural)

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7
Q

what is the arragement name for cocci in pairs?

A

diplococci

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8
Q

what is the arrangement name for cocci in chains?

A

streptocci

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9
Q

what is the arrangement name for cocci in clusters?

A

staphylococci

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10
Q

what is bacillus?

A

rod-shaped bacteria; bacilli (plural)

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11
Q

what is the arrangement name for bacilli in pairs?

A

diplobacilli

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12
Q

what is the arrangement name for bascilli in chains?

A

streptobacilli

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13
Q

what is spiral bacteria?

A

bacteria with one or more twists

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14
Q

what is vibrio bacteria?

A

spiral bacteria with curved rods ; vibrios (plural)

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15
Q

what is spirillum bacteria?

A

spiral bacteria that is helical and rigid; spirillum (plural)

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16
Q

what is spirochete bacteria?

A

spiral bacteria that is heclical and flexible; spirochetes (plural)

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17
Q

what is glycocalyx on the outside of the cell wall?

A

it is a visous and gelatinous polymer made of polysaccharide and/or polypeptide chain (depending on the species)

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18
Q

what are the two types of glycocalyx outside the cell wall and what are their characteristics?

A

1) capsule: neatly organized and firmly attached (determined by negative staining)
2) slime layer: unorganized and loose, often forms net-like structures between cells (useful for biofilms)

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19
Q

what is the importance of the glycocalyx outside layer?

A

contributes to the virulence (ability of pathogence to cause disease)/ capsules prevent phagocytosis; protects against dehydration; important for biofilms (in terms of formation, communication, and attachment)

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20
Q

what is flagella? (singular flagellum)

A

long filamentus appendage that provide bacteria with motility which is advantageous (allowing bacteria to move towards favorable conditions and move away from adverse condition)

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21
Q

what is a fimbriae?

A

hairlike appendage that allows for attchment and contributes to biofilm formation and virulence

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22
Q

what is pili?

A

involved in motility; conjugation pili ‘sex pili’ involved in DNA transfer from one cell to another

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23
Q

what is the bacterial cell wall?

A

complex, semi-rigid structure; protects cell and provides shape

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24
Q

what are three main functions of the bacterial cell wall?

A

1) provides and maintains cell shape 2) surrounds and protects the cell membrane (prevents osmotic lysis which is bursting caused by water) 3) anchorage point for flagella

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25
Q

what is the clinical importance of the cell wall?

A

contributes of pathogenicity / many antibiotics affect disrupt the cell wall and differences in composition are critical for identification (like for gram stain!)

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26
Q

what is the composition of the cell wall in prokaryotes?

A

a network of molecules called peptidoglycan (made of proteins and carbohydrates)

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27
Q

what are the major differences between the gram positive and gram negative bacteria in terms of their cell walls?

A

gram positive = thick peptidoglycan layer

gram negative = thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrain composed of lipopolysaccharide

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28
Q

why are some bacteria acid-fast bacteria?

A

because some bacteria have a waxy layer that forms outside peptidoglycan which prevents normal staining

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29
Q

why do we target the cell wall?

A

because cell wall damamge exposes bacteria to osmotic lysis which is bursting caused by water

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30
Q

how do lysozomes target the cell wall?

A

eukaryotic enzyme found in sweat, tears, mucus, and saliva cuts bonds in peptidoglycan

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31
Q

how do antibiotics (beta-lactam) target the cell wall?

A

penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

32
Q

what is the plasma membrane structure?

A

phospholipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm; it is as viscous as olive oil (not rigid); it contains peripheral and integral proteins in the membrane

33
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

acts as a selective barrier that allows the passage of some molecules but not others (selective permeability); also performs nutrient breakdown and energy production

34
Q

what are two types of movement of materials across membranes?

A

1) Passive processes
2) Active processes

35
Q

what are passive processes?

A

substances move from high concentration to low concentration; no energy is expended

36
Q

what are active processes?

A

substances move from low concentration to high concentration; energy is expended

37
Q

what is simple diffusion?

A

(passive process) molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration which continues until the molecules reach equilibrium; no energy is expended

38
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

(passive processes) transport proteins move molecules from an area of high concentration to areas of low concentration (used for larger molecules or hydrophobilic ions) no energy expended

39
Q

what is osmosis?

A

(passive process) movement of water across membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration (through lipid layer or aquaporins) no energy expended

40
Q

what is an isotonic solution?

A

(form of osmosis / passive process) solute concentrations are equal inside and outside of the cell; water is at equilibrium (no energy expended)

41
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

(osmosis / passive process) solute concentration is higher outside the cell than inside; water moves out of the cell (no energy expended)

42
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

(osmosis / passive process) solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell; water moves into cell (no energy expended)

43
Q

why is the cell wall so important for bacterial cells?

A

because it prevents osmotic lysis (when the plasma membrane reptures due to excess water moving into cell)

44
Q

what does active transport require?

A

requires a transporter protein and the substance is not changed during transport (energy is expended)

45
Q

what is group translocation?

A

exclusive to prokaryotes only (form of active transport / requires energy) requires a transporter protein, substance is altered as it crossess the membrane so that is it cannot exit ever again

46
Q

what is nucleoid (in prokaryotes)?

A

bacterial chromosome; circular thread of DNA that contains the cell’s genetic material

47
Q

what are plasmids (in prokaryotes)?

A

extrachromosomal genetic elements that carry non-crucial genes (antibiotic resistance, production of toxins) requires extra energy so not all bacteria cells have them

48
Q

what are ribosomes (in prokaryotes)?

A

sites of protein synthesis; made of protein and ribosomal RNA; they different sub units are different between euk and pro because many antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis at prokaryotic ribosomes (so it only hurts bacterial cells not us)

49
Q

what are inclusions (prokaryotes) ?

A

act as reserve deposits for cetain nutrients (stored nutrients can be used when they become low in environment)

50
Q

what are endospores (prokaryotes)?

A

resting (dormant) cells; produced when nutrients are scarce or depleted; resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation

51
Q

what is sporulation (in prokaryotes?)

A

endospore formation

52
Q

what are cilia (eukaryotes) ?

A

short projections; numerous; used for locomotion or moving substances along the cell surface

53
Q

what is cell wall (eukaryotes)?

A

found in plants, algae, and fungi; made of carbohydrates; far less complex than in prokaryotes

54
Q

what is glycocalyx (eukaryotics)?

A

found in animal cells; carbohydrates bonded to the plasma membrane

55
Q

similarites in structure of plasma membrane between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

phospholipid bilayer and integral and peripheral proteins

56
Q

differences in structure of the plasma membrane between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

(IN eukaryotes) sterols- complex lipids (provides protection from osmotic lysis); carbohydrates- for attachment and cell-to-cell recognition

57
Q

similarities in function of plasma membrane between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes have selective permeability; simple diffusion, faciliated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport

58
Q

differences in function of plasmamembrane between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes have endocytosis: segment of plasma membrane surrounds a particale, encloses it and brings it into the cell

59
Q

what are three types of endocytosis?

A

1) phagocytosis 2) pinocytosis 3) receptor-mediated endocytosis

60
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

pseudopods extend and engulf particles (white blood cells use this for immunity)

61
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

when membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances (basic process)

62
Q

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

incoming substances bind to receptors outside of the cell to trigger endocytosis (triggered to happen)

63
Q

what is the cytoskeleton in eukaryotes made of?

A

made of microfilaments and intermediate filaments; provides shape and support

64
Q

what are ribosomes (eukaryotic cells)?

A

sites of protein synthesis; slightly larger than prokaryotic ribosomes (different in structure)

65
Q

what are organelles (eukaryotic cells)?

A

have specific shapes and specialized functions ; characteristic of eukaryotes

66
Q

what is the nucleus (in eukaryotic cells)?

A

double membrane structure (nuclear envelope) that contains the cell’s DNA

67
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryotic cells)?

A

folded transport network consisting of rought ER and smooth ER

68
Q

what is rough ER (eukaryotic cells)?

A

part of endoplasmic reticulum; studded with ribosomes; sites of protein synthesis

69
Q

what is smooth ER (eukaryotic cells)?

A

part of endoplasmic reticulum; no ribosomes; synthesizes cell membranes, fats, and hormones

70
Q

what is the golgi complex (eukaryotic cells)?

A

transport organelle, modifies proteins from the ER

71
Q

what are lysosomes (eukaryotic cells)?

A

vesicles formed in the golgi complex; contain digestive enzymes; major component of white blood cells

72
Q

what are vacuoles (eukaryotic cells)?

A

cavities in the cell formed from the golgi complex; bring food into cells; provide shape and storage

73
Q

what is the mitochondria (eukaryotic cells)?

A

‘power house of the cell’ involved in cellular respiration (ATP production)

74
Q

what are cholorplasts (eukaryotic cells)?

A

location of photosynthesis but found only in algae and green plants

75
Q

what are peroxisomes (eukaryotic cells)?

A

oxidize fatty acids; destroy

76
Q

what are centrosomes?

A

form the mitotoc spindle; critical role in cell division

Clinical Microbiology (17 decks)

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