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Clinical Microbiology > (exam 2) chapter 14 principles of disease and epidemiology > Flashcards

(exam 2) chapter 14 principles of disease and epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is pathology?

A

the study of disease

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2
Q

what is etiology?

A

the cause of a disease

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3
Q

what is infection?

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

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4
Q

what is pathogenesis?

A

the development of disease

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5
Q

what is disease?

A

(the result of infection) an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

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6
Q

what are three things we know about the human microbiome?

A

1) begins to be established in utero (starts in intestines)
2) rapidly changes during first three years of life (so environment is very important)
3) remains throughout entire life (contributes to health and disease; childhood exposure to microbes helps immune system development)

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7
Q

what is normal microbiota?

A

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

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8
Q

what is transient microbiota?

A

may be present for days, weeks, or months

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9
Q

what is microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion) ?

A

is a competition between microbes

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10
Q

what are three ways that normal microbiota protect the host by?

A

1) completing for nutrients
2) producing substances harmful to invading microbes
3) affecting pH and available oxygen

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11
Q

what do normal microbiota prevent?

A

prevent colonization of host by pathogens

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12
Q

what are symbiosis?

A

a relationship between two organisms where at least one is dependent on the other

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13
Q

what is commensalism?

A

(symbiosis) one organism benefits, the other is unaffected

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14
Q

what is mutualism?

A

(symbiosis) both organisms benefit

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15
Q

what is parasitism?

A

(symbiosis) one organism benefits at the expense of another (pathogens)

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16
Q

what are two possible reasons that the type of symbiotic relationship can change?

A

1) heavy antibiotic regimen

2) changes in the immune system

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17
Q

Some normal microbiota are opportunistic pathogens which means what?

A

it means that some normal microbiota have the potential to cause disease if the environmental conditions change (such as a weakened immune system)

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18
Q

what is etiology?

A

the cause of a disease

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19
Q

what is Koch’s postulates?

A

four criteria for establishing a causative relationship between a microbe and an infectious disease (framework for studying disease etiology)

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20
Q

what are the four Koch’s postulates?

A

1) pathogen must be present and the same in every case of the disease
2) it must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3) when grown in pure culture it must case the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal
4) must be isolated from the inoculated animal and shown to be the original organism

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21
Q

what are three exceptions to Koch’s postulates?

A

1) some pathogens can cause several disease conditions
2) some pathogens only cause disease in humans so we cannot test on animals
3) some microbes have never been cultures bc they are hard to grow outside the host organism

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22
Q

what are symptoms?

A

subjective; changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of diease

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23
Q

headaches, fatigue, muscle aches, nausea, and chills are all examples of what?

A

symptoms

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24
Q

what are signs?

A

objective; changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

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25
Q

fever, vomiting, increased heart rate are all examples of what?

A

signs

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26
Q

what is a syndrome?

A

a specific group of both signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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27
Q

what are the two main groups of infectious diseases?

A

communicable diseases and noncommunicable diseases

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28
Q

what are communicable diseases?

A

a disease that is spread from one host to another

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29
Q

what are contagious diseases?

A

subcategory of communicable diseases; diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

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30
Q

what are noncommunicable diseases?

A

a disease that is not spread from one host to another

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31
Q

what is incidence?

A

number of people who develop a disease during a particular period of time (newly infected)

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32
Q

what is prevalence?

A

number of people who have a disease at a specified time period, regardless of when it first appeared (takes into account BOTH old and new cases)

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33
Q

what is a sporadic disease and what is an example?

A

disease that occurs only occasionally (typhoid fever)

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34
Q

what is an endemic disease and what is an example?

A

disease constantly present in a population (the common cold)

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35
Q

what is an epidemic disease and what is an example?

A

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time (influenza and AIDS)

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36
Q

what is a pandemic disease and what is an example?

A

a worldwide epidemic (COVID-19, influenza, and AIDS)

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37
Q

what is an acute disease and what is an example?

A

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease only lasts a short period of time (influenza)

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38
Q

what is a chronic disease and what is an example?

A

symptoms develop slowly (infectious mononucleosis and tuberculosis)

39
Q

what is a subacute disease and what is an example?

A

disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic; symptoms are less pronounced but more prolonged (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis - brain inflammation caused by measles virus)

40
Q

what is a latent disease and what is an example?

A

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms (shingles and cold sores = both viral)

41
Q

what two things does the immunity of a population affect?

A

1) the rate that a communicable disease spreads

2) the number of individuals that become infected

42
Q

what is herd immunity?

A

immunity in most of a population; non immune individuals are protected because it is unlikely they will encounter an infected individual

43
Q

immune individuals act as what?

A

a barrier to the spread of infectious agents

44
Q

what is a local infection?

A

when pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

45
Q

what is a systemic (generalized) infection?

A

when infection throughout the body

46
Q

what is a focal infection and what are two sites common to focal infections?

A

an infection that begins local and then turns systemic (teeth and sinuses are common focal infection start sites)

47
Q

what is sepsis?

A

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus infection

48
Q

what is septicemia?

A

aka: blood poisoning; growth of pathogens in the blood

49
Q

what are the three types of septicemia?

A

1) bacteremia
2) toxemia
3) viremia

50
Q

what is bacteremia?

A

bacteria in the blood

51
Q

what is toxemia?

A

toxins in the blood

52
Q

what is viremia?

A

viruses in the blood

53
Q

what is primary infection?

A

acute infection that causes the initial illness

54
Q

what is secondary infection?

A

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection; caused by weakened body defenses

55
Q

what is subclinical disease?

A

disease has no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

56
Q

what are predisposing factors?

A

factors that make the body more susceptible to disease

57
Q

what are five stages of development of disease?

A

1) Incubation period
2) Prodromal period
3) period of illness
4) period of decline
5) period of convalescence

58
Q

what is the Incubation period?

A

first step in development; interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms (hard to diagnose)

59
Q

what is the Prodromal period?

A

second step in development; short period after incubation; early mild symptoms (still can be hard to diagnose)

60
Q

what is the period of illness?

A

third step in development; disease is most severe (this is when patients could die)

61
Q

what is the period of decline?

A

fourth step in development; signs and symptoms subside; patients are vulnerable to secondary infection during this phase

62
Q

what is the period of convalescence?

A

fifth step in development; body returns to its prediseased state

63
Q

what is a reservoir of infection?

A

continual sources of a disease causing organism

64
Q

what are three reservoirs of infection?

A

1) human reservoirs
2) animal reservoirs
3) nonliving reservoirs

65
Q

what are human reservoirs?

A

carries may have inapparent infections or latent diseases

66
Q

what are animal reservoirs?

A

zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans

67
Q

what are nonliving reservoirs?

A

soil (likely to have spores) and water (sewage issues)

68
Q

what are three main ways that diseases are transmitted from reservoir of infection to susceptible host?

A

1) contact transmission
2) vehicle transmission
3) vectors

69
Q

what is contact transmission?

A

spread by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission

70
Q

what is vehicle transmission?

A

spread by a medium such as air, water, or food

71
Q

what are vectors?

A

animals that carry pathogens from one host to another

72
Q

what are three methods of contact transmission?

A

1) direct contact transmission (and congenital transmission)
2) indirect contact transmission
3) droplet transmission

73
Q

what is direct contact transmission?

A

requires close association between the infected and a susceptible host

74
Q

what is congenital transmission?

A

transmission from mother to fetus or newborn at birth

75
Q

what is indirect contact transmission?

A

spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite

76
Q

what is droplet transmission?

A

transmission via airborne droplets; typically travel less than 1 meter

77
Q

what are three types of vehicle transmission?

A

1) airborne
2) waterborne
3) food borne (cross contamination)

78
Q

what is airborne vehicle transmission?

A

dust particles, spores, or droplet nuclei that travel more than 1 meter

79
Q

what is waterborne vehicle transmission?

A

typically from water contaminated with sewage

80
Q

what is food borne vehicle transmission?

A

incomplete cooking, poor refrigeration, prepared in unsanitary conditions

81
Q

what is cross contamination?

A

transfer of pathogens from one food to another

82
Q

what are vectors?

A

arthropods (such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes) that transmit disease by mechanical or biological transmission

83
Q

what is mechanical vector transmission?

A

arthropod carries pathogen on its body

84
Q

what is biological vector transmission?

A

pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bite or feces

85
Q

what is the epidemiology?

A

The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

86
Q

what are epidemiologists?

A

people determine etiology of a disease; Identify important factors and patterns concerning disease spread and develop methods for controlling a disease

87
Q

three types of epidemiological investigations?

A

1) descriptive epidemiology
2) analytical epidemiology
3) experimental epidemiology

88
Q

what is Descriptive epidemiology?

A

collection and analysis of data describing occurrence of disease (Usually retrospective; used after problem has been identified)

89
Q

what is Analytical epidemiology?

A

analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause

90
Q

what is Experimental epidemiology?

A

involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments (clinical trials)

91
Q

what is morbidity?

A

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

92
Q

what is morbidity rate?

A

number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

93
Q

what is mortality?

A

deaths from notifiable diseases

94
Q

what is morality rate?

A

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

Clinical Microbiology (17 decks)

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