(exam 3) ch 18 Practical applications of immunology Flashcards
A ________ is the suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity.
vaccine
what is the purpose of vaccines?
to provoke a primary immune response (which leads to the formation of antibodies and memory cells which produces a rapid and intense secondary response)
what is the most desirable method of disease control?
effective vaccines
what are some reasons why effective vaccines are the most desirable method of disease control?
1) prevents death and suffering
2) reduces prevention and treatment costs
3) easier than behavioral control methods (such as washing hands, wearing masks, social distancing)
4) eliminated dependance on antimicrobials which wide use contributes to antibiotic resistance
what is herd immunity?
immunity in most of the population (where outbreaks are limited due to lack of susceptible individuals)
what enhances herd immunity?
effective vaccines
what are live attenuated vaccines?
vaccine using living pathogen with a reduced virulence
what are inactivated killed vaccines?
vaccines that use whole pathogens that have been killed
what two vaccines both use the organism itself and not fragments?
1) live attenuated vaccines
2) inactivated killed vaccines
subunit vaccines are what type of vaccine?
vaccine that uses antigenic fragments of pathogens that best stimulate an immune response
what type of vaccine is recombinant subunit vaccines?
subunit vaccines
what are recombinant subunit vaccines?
(subunit vaccine) using nonpathogenic microbes to produce antigenic subunits
what are toxoid vaccines?
(subunit vaccine) inactivated toxins
what are virus like particle (VLP) vaccines?
(subunit vaccine) resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material
what are polysaccharide vaccines?
(subunit vaccine) made from molecules in a capsule
what are conjugated vaccines?
(subunit vaccine) chemically link two subunits to generate a greater immune response
what are nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines?
vaccines that inject naked DNA and produces the protein antigen encoded in the DNA
what are recombinant vector vaccines?
vaccines that use avirulent viruses or bacteria that are genetically modified to deliver genes cording for antigens
growing pathogens in animals, egg embryos, or cell cultures and injected vaccines are considered what types of vaccine methods?
traditional methods
developing vaccines without use of animal host and oral vaccines / dry vaccines (skin patches) are considered what types of vaccine methods?
newer technology methods
________ are chemical additives added to vaccines to improve effectiveness
adjuvants
what are some common side effects of vaccines?
tenderness at injection site, headache, fever, mild rash, fatigue
what is the overwhelming consensus about vaccine?
the risks of disease far outweigh any potential side effects from vaccine
what are Immunologic-based diagnostic tests based on?
Based on interactions of humoral antibodies with antigens
what are the two scenarios of Immunologic-based diagnostic tests?
1) A known antibody can identify an unknown pathogen
2) A known pathogen can identify an unknown antibody
If antibodies can not be seen, what do we do?
their presence must be established indirectly (via Precipitations and color change)
________ is “immortal” cancerous B cell (myeloma) combined with an antibody-producing normal B cell.
Hybridoma
what does a Hybridoma produce?
produces monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)
________ is type of Mabs with a mouse variable region and human constant region
~66% human.
Chimeric monoclonal antibodies
________ is a type of Mabs that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen-binding sites ~90% human.
Humanized antibodies
________ is a type of Mabs produced from a human gene within a mouse.
Fully human antibodies
Reaction of soluble antigens with antibodies to form large, interlocking aggregates called lattices is called?
Precipitation reactions
_______ is a test where a cloudy line forms where there is the optimal ratio of antigen and antibody.
Precipitin ring test
Reaction of particulate antigens bind to antibodies to form visible aggregates is called?
Agglutination reactions
an agglutination test that detects antibodies against large cellular antigens (e.g. bacteria)
is what type of test?
Direct agglutination tests
what is titer?
the concentration of serum antibody
what does high titer mean?
greater immunity to disease and more antibodies
when are titers diagnosis?
1) rise in titer later in disease
2) Seroconversion
what does Seroconversion mean in terms of titer?
when there is no titer before disease but significant titer as disease progresses
an agglutination test that tests antibodies (or antigens) reaction with their counterpart that is bound to a particle is what type of test?
Indirect (passive) agglutination tests
__________ is when RBC surface antigens bind complementary antibodies; used in blood typing.
Hemagglutination
________ is when RBC surface antigens bind to viruses (mumps, measles, influenza)
Viral hemagglutination
________ is a antigen-antibody reaction where the harmful effects of an exotoxin or a virus are blocked by antibodies to the toxin (antitoxin) or virus
Neutralization Reactions
________ is a type of Neutralization Reaction used for sub typing viruses. If present, serum antibodies neutralize the virus and inhibit hemagglutination.
Viral hemagglutination inhibition test
________ is a technique that combines fluorescent dyes with antibodies.
Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques
what type is of Fluorescent-Antibody Technique is it when used to label / identify microorganisms in a clinical specimen ?
Direct fluorescent-antibody tests
what type is of Fluorescent-Antibody Technique is it when used to Detect a specific antibody in serum; indicates presence of current or previous infection?
Indirect fluorescent-antibody tests
________ uses an antibody with a linked enzyme (and the enzyme reaction) to detect antigens and antibodies.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
what type of ELISA detects antigens?
Direct ELISA
what type of ELISA detects antibodies?
Indirect ELISA
