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Clinical Microbiology > (exam 3) ch 18 Practical applications of immunology > Flashcards

(exam 3) ch 18 Practical applications of immunology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A ________ is the suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity.

A

vaccine

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2
Q

what is the purpose of vaccines?

A

to provoke a primary immune response (which leads to the formation of antibodies and memory cells which produces a rapid and intense secondary response)

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3
Q

what is the most desirable method of disease control?

A

effective vaccines

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4
Q

what are some reasons why effective vaccines are the most desirable method of disease control?

A

1) prevents death and suffering
2) reduces prevention and treatment costs
3) easier than behavioral control methods (such as washing hands, wearing masks, social distancing)
4) eliminated dependance on antimicrobials which wide use contributes to antibiotic resistance

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5
Q

what is herd immunity?

A

immunity in most of the population (where outbreaks are limited due to lack of susceptible individuals)

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6
Q

what enhances herd immunity?

A

effective vaccines

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7
Q

what are live attenuated vaccines?

A

vaccine using living pathogen with a reduced virulence

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8
Q

what are inactivated killed vaccines?

A

vaccines that use whole pathogens that have been killed

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9
Q

what two vaccines both use the organism itself and not fragments?

A

1) live attenuated vaccines

2) inactivated killed vaccines

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10
Q

subunit vaccines are what type of vaccine?

A

vaccine that uses antigenic fragments of pathogens that best stimulate an immune response

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11
Q

what type of vaccine is recombinant subunit vaccines?

A

subunit vaccines

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12
Q

what are recombinant subunit vaccines?

A

(subunit vaccine) using nonpathogenic microbes to produce antigenic subunits

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13
Q

what are toxoid vaccines?

A

(subunit vaccine) inactivated toxins

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14
Q

what are virus like particle (VLP) vaccines?

A

(subunit vaccine) resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material

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15
Q

what are polysaccharide vaccines?

A

(subunit vaccine) made from molecules in a capsule

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16
Q

what are conjugated vaccines?

A

(subunit vaccine) chemically link two subunits to generate a greater immune response

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17
Q

what are nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines?

A

vaccines that inject naked DNA and produces the protein antigen encoded in the DNA

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18
Q

what are recombinant vector vaccines?

A

vaccines that use avirulent viruses or bacteria that are genetically modified to deliver genes cording for antigens

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19
Q

growing pathogens in animals, egg embryos, or cell cultures and injected vaccines are considered what types of vaccine methods?

A

traditional methods

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20
Q

developing vaccines without use of animal host and oral vaccines / dry vaccines (skin patches) are considered what types of vaccine methods?

A

newer technology methods

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21
Q

________ are chemical additives added to vaccines to improve effectiveness

A

adjuvants

22
Q

what are some common side effects of vaccines?

A

tenderness at injection site, headache, fever, mild rash, fatigue

23
Q

what is the overwhelming consensus about vaccine?

A

the risks of disease far outweigh any potential side effects from vaccine

24
Q

what are Immunologic-based diagnostic tests based on?

A

Based on interactions of humoral antibodies with antigens

25
Q

what are the two scenarios of Immunologic-based diagnostic tests?

A

1) A known antibody can identify an unknown pathogen

2) A known pathogen can identify an unknown antibody

26
Q

If antibodies can not be seen, what do we do?

A

their presence must be established indirectly (via Precipitations and color change)

27
Q

________ is “immortal” cancerous B cell (myeloma) combined with an antibody-producing normal B cell.

A

Hybridoma

28
Q

what does a Hybridoma produce?

A

produces monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)

29
Q

________ is type of Mabs with a mouse variable region and human constant region
~66% human.

A

Chimeric monoclonal antibodies

30
Q

________ is a type of Mabs that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen-binding sites ~90% human.

A

Humanized antibodies

31
Q

________ is a type of Mabs produced from a human gene within a mouse.

A

Fully human antibodies

32
Q

Reaction of soluble antigens with antibodies to form large, interlocking aggregates called lattices is called?

A

Precipitation reactions

33
Q

_______ is a test where a cloudy line forms where there is the optimal ratio of antigen and antibody.

A

Precipitin ring test

34
Q

Reaction of particulate antigens bind to antibodies to form visible aggregates is called?

A

Agglutination reactions

35
Q

an agglutination test that detects antibodies against large cellular antigens (e.g. bacteria)
is what type of test?

A

Direct agglutination tests

36
Q

what is titer?

A

the concentration of serum antibody

37
Q

what does high titer mean?

A

greater immunity to disease and more antibodies

38
Q

when are titers diagnosis?

A

1) rise in titer later in disease

2) Seroconversion

39
Q

what does Seroconversion mean in terms of titer?

A

when there is no titer before disease but significant titer as disease progresses

40
Q

an agglutination test that tests antibodies (or antigens) reaction with their counterpart that is bound to a particle is what type of test?

A

Indirect (passive) agglutination tests

41
Q

__________ is when RBC surface antigens bind complementary antibodies; used in blood typing.

A

Hemagglutination

42
Q

________ is when RBC surface antigens bind to viruses (mumps, measles, influenza)

A

Viral hemagglutination

43
Q

________ is a antigen-antibody reaction where the harmful effects of an exotoxin or a virus are blocked by antibodies to the toxin (antitoxin) or virus

A

Neutralization Reactions

44
Q

________ is a type of Neutralization Reaction used for sub typing viruses. If present, serum antibodies neutralize the virus and inhibit hemagglutination.

A

Viral hemagglutination inhibition test

45
Q

________ is a technique that combines fluorescent dyes with antibodies.

A

Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques

46
Q

what type is of Fluorescent-Antibody Technique is it when used to label / identify microorganisms in a clinical specimen ?

A

Direct fluorescent-antibody tests

47
Q

what type is of Fluorescent-Antibody Technique is it when used to Detect a specific antibody in serum; indicates presence of current or previous infection?

A

Indirect fluorescent-antibody tests

48
Q

________ uses an antibody with a linked enzyme (and the enzyme reaction) to detect antigens and antibodies.

A

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

49
Q

what type of ELISA detects antigens?

A

Direct ELISA

50
Q

what type of ELISA detects antibodies?

A

Indirect ELISA

Clinical Microbiology (17 decks)

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