Exam 3: Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

Disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cancer: Pathophysiology

A
  1. Cellular Transformation
  2. Uncontrolled and rapid cellular growth
  3. Invasion into surrounding tissue
  4. Metastasis to other tissues or organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tumor

A

Also referred to as a neoplasm - new growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Benign tumors

A
  • Grow slowly
  • Well-defined capsule
  • Non-invasive
  • Well differentiated
  • Low mitotic index
  • Does not metastasize
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Malignant Tumors

A
Grows rapidly
Not encapsulated
Invasive
Poorly differentiated
High mitotic index
Can spread distantly (metastasis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Benign tumors are named according to

A

The tissues from which they arise and include the suffix “-oma”.
May progress to cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Benign tumors include

A

Lipoma
Leiomyoma
Meningioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Malignant tumors are named according to

A

The tissues from which they arise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Malignant tumors include

A
  • Carcinoma (epithelial tissue)
  • Adenocarcinoma (ducal or glandular tissue)
  • Sarcoma (mesenchymal tissue)
  • Lymphoma (lymphatic tissue)
  • Leukemia (blood-forming cells)
  • Carcinoma in situ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Carcinoma in situ (CIS)

A

Preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or epithelial origin that have not broken through the basement membrane or invaded the surrounding stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Various group of symptoms that cannot be directly attributed to the spread of a cancerous tumor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes may be the first sign of

A

Malignancy:
Cachexia (most common)
Fatigue, fever, weight loss
Others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Etiology of Cancer

A
Age- and sex-related differences
Genetic factors
Ethnic factors
Oncogenic viruses
Occupational and environmental carcinogens
Radiation
Immunologic factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cancer is predominantly a disease of

A

Aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Multiple mutations are required before

A

Cancer can develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Colonial proliferation or expansion is a result of

A

Mutation, a cell requires characteristics that allow it to have selective advantages over its neighbors - increased growth or decreased apoptosis

17
Q

Environmental-Lifestyle Factors: Tobacco

A
  • Leading cause of preventable death in the US
  • Multipotent carcinogenic mixture
  • Second hand smoke contains many toxic chemicals
  • Cigars and pipe smoking equally harmful
18
Q

Tobacco is linked to

A
  • Cancers of the lung, lower urinary tract, upper aerodigestive tract, liver, kidney, pancreas, cervix and uterus
  • Linked to myeloid leukemia.
19
Q

Environmental-Lifestyle Factors: Diet

A
  • Cooking of fat, meat or protein produces carcinogenic factors.
  • Naturally occurring carcinogens associated with Alkaloids or mold byproducts.
20
Q

Nurigenomics

A

Study of nutrition on the phenotypic variability of individuals based on genomic differences.

21
Q

Nutrition and Cancer

A

Many cellular process affected by nutrition.
May directly influence silencing of genes that should be active or activating genes that should be silent.
May alter hormonal axes, influence cellular proliferation and affect phenotypes or expression of key genes.