Exam 3: Cancer

Question 1

Cancer

Answer 1

Disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues.

Question 2

Cancer: Pathophysiology

Answer 2

1. Cellular Transformation
2. Uncontrolled and rapid cellular growth
3. Invasion into surrounding tissue
4. Metastasis to other tissues or organs

Question 3

Tumor

Answer 3

Also referred to as a neoplasm - new growth

Question 4

Benign tumors

Answer 4

• Grow slowly
• Well-defined capsule
• Non-invasive
• Well differentiated
• Low mitotic index
• Does not metastasize

Question 5

Malignant Tumors

Answer 5

Grows rapidly
Not encapsulated
Invasive
Poorly differentiated
High mitotic index
Can spread distantly (metastasis)

Question 6

Benign tumors are named according to

Answer 6

The tissues from which they arise and include the suffix “-oma”.
May progress to cancer.

Question 7

Benign tumors include

Answer 7

Lipoma
Leiomyoma
Meningioma

Question 8

Malignant tumors are named according to

Answer 8

The tissues from which they arise

Question 9

Malignant tumors include

Answer 9

• Carcinoma (epithelial tissue)
• Adenocarcinoma (ducal or glandular tissue)
• Sarcoma (mesenchymal tissue)
• Lymphoma (lymphatic tissue)
• Leukemia (blood-forming cells)
• Carcinoma in situ

Question 10

Carcinoma in situ (CIS)

Answer 10

Preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or epithelial origin that have not broken through the basement membrane or invaded the surrounding stroma

Question 11

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 11

Various group of symptoms that cannot be directly attributed to the spread of a cancerous tumor.

Question 12

Paraneoplastic syndromes may be the first sign of

Answer 12

Malignancy:
Cachexia (most common)
Fatigue, fever, weight loss
Others

Question 13

Etiology of Cancer

Answer 13

Age- and sex-related differences
Genetic factors
Ethnic factors
Oncogenic viruses
Occupational and environmental carcinogens
Radiation
Immunologic factors

Question 14

Cancer is predominantly a disease of

Answer 14

Aging

Question 15

Multiple mutations are required before

Answer 15

Cancer can develop

Question 16

Colonial proliferation or expansion is a result of

Answer 16

Mutation, a cell requires characteristics that allow it to have selective advantages over its neighbors - increased growth or decreased apoptosis

Question 17

Environmental-Lifestyle Factors: Tobacco

Answer 17

• Leading cause of preventable death in the US
• Multipotent carcinogenic mixture
• Second hand smoke contains many toxic chemicals
• Cigars and pipe smoking equally harmful

Question 18

Tobacco is linked to

Answer 18

• Cancers of the lung, lower urinary tract, upper aerodigestive tract, liver, kidney, pancreas, cervix and uterus
• Linked to myeloid leukemia.

Question 19

Environmental-Lifestyle Factors: Diet

Answer 19

• Cooking of fat, meat or protein produces carcinogenic factors.
• Naturally occurring carcinogens associated with Alkaloids or mold byproducts.

Question 20

Nurigenomics

Answer 20

Study of nutrition on the phenotypic variability of individuals based on genomic differences.

Question 21

Nutrition and Cancer

Answer 21

Many cellular process affected by nutrition.
May directly influence silencing of genes that should be active or activating genes that should be silent.
May alter hormonal axes, influence cellular proliferation and affect phenotypes or expression of key genes.