Exam 2: Hepatitis And Acute Liver Failure Flashcards

1
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of liver that can result in cell damage and liver dysfunction

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2
Q

Hepatitis can be caused by

A

Alcohol abuse
Medications
Viruses

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3
Q

Hepatitis can be

A

Acute or chronic

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4
Q

Viral Hepatitis

A

Relatively common
Primarily affects liver
Different strains of viruses cause different types of hepatitis (A-E+)

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5
Q

Hepatitis: Pathologic Lesions include

A

Hepatic cell necrosis
Scarring (with chronic disease)
Kupffer cell hyperplasia

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6
Q

Hepatitis A (HAV) injury to hepatocyte is cause by

A

Host cell’s immune response

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7
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Milder than Hep C, but can lead to chronic hepatitis or liver failure and death

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8
Q

Transmission of Hepatitis B occurs through

A

blood and body fluid exposure, maternal-baby exchange.

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9
Q

Antiviral drugs therapy for hepatitis B include but are not limited to

A

Telbivudine (Tyzeka)

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10
Q

Telbivudine (Tyzeka)

A

Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Treatment of Hepatitis B

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11
Q

Telbivudine (Tyzeka): Adverse Effects

A

fatigue, headache, diarrhea, nausea, pain in joint and muscles

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12
Q

Telbivudine (Tyzeka): Interactions

A

alpha-interferons (cause severe peripheral neuropathy)

Caution: Nephrotoxic drugs

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13
Q

Dosage adjustments of Telbivudine (Tyzeka) is need in patients with

A

Renal insufficiency

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14
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Leading cause of liver failure leading to liver transplantation
Symptoms initially mild, but lead to chronic

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15
Q

Hepatitis C: Transmission

A

Infected blood and sexual contact.

Alcoholic disease can lead to development of hepatitis C.

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16
Q

Hepatitis C: Treatment

A
  • interferon (family of naturally-occurring proteins that are made and secreted by cells of the immune system; modulate the response of the immune system to viruses and cancer)
  • ribavirin (Virazole)
  • simeprevir (Olysio)
  • sofosbuvir (Solvaldi)
17
Q

Ribavarin (Virazole)

A

Given orally, or by oral or nasal inhalation
Inhalation form (Virazole) used for hospitalized infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections
Pregnancy X drug, inhalation form can’t be given by pregnant healthcare provider.

18
Q

Ribavarin (Virazole): MOA

A

Synthetic nucleoside analog
Works with RNA and DNA synthesis
Inhibits protein synthesis AND viral replication

19
Q

Sofosbuvir (Solvaldi)

A
First-in-class RNA polymerase inhibitor for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C
Sofosbuvir is considered “break-through” therapy.
First drug treatment for hepatitis C that can be given without interferon
20
Q

Sofosbuvir (Solvaldi): Side Effects

A

Few side effects (fatigue, headache, nausea, difficulty sleeping).
When taken with amiodarone (Cordarone or Pacerone) may cause slow heart rate which can lead to death.

21
Q

Sofosbuvir (Solvaldi) used in

A

Combination with ribavarin (Varizole).

Not to be used as mono therapy.

22
Q

Simeprevir (Olysio)

A

Protease inhibitor (PI)
Chronic hepatitis C
Approved in 2013
Pregnancy C, but when combined with interferon and ribavirin (Virazole) = Cat X

23
Q

Simeprevir (Olysio): Used in

A

Conjunction with standard hepatitis C treatments: interferon and ribavirin (Virazole).
Not to be used as monotherapy.

24
Q

Simeprevir (Olysio): Adverse Effects

A

Photosensitivity
Rash
Nausea
Pruritus

25
Acute Liver Failure
Severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells without preexisting liver disease or cirrhosis. Rare
26
Acute Liver Failure: Causes
``` Acetaminophen overdose (most common) Viral hepatitis (particularly Hepatitis B) Compound infection of delta virus Metabolic liver disorder ```
27
Acute Liver Failure Pathophysiology
Edematous hepatocytes + patchy areas of necrosis + inflammatory cell infiltrates = disruption of the functional tissue of the liver (parenchyma)
28
Acute Liver Failure usually develops
6-8 weeks after the initial symptoms of viral hepatitis or metabolic liver disorder. 5 days-8 weeks after acetaminophen overdose.
29
Acute Liver Failure Symptoms
Anorexia Vomiting Abdominal pain Progressive jaundice
30
Acute Liver Failure can lead to
Leads to ascites, GI bleeding -> which can lead to hepatic encephalopathy (lethargy, altered motor function) -> Coma (cerebral edema, ischemia, and brainstem herniation) Renal failure and pulmonary distress can occur
31
Acute Liver Failure Lab Findings
Increased direct and indirect serum bilirubin Increased serum transaminases Increased blood ammonia Increased prothrombin time
32
Acute Liver Failure Treatment
- Irreversible (60-90% of children die) - Rapid evaluation and critical care and support: airway, circulation, hemodynamics; infection control; acetylcysteine for acetaminophen overdose; monitor labs and assess for GI bleeding; nutrition (patient should be NPO) - Liver Transplant