Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NURS 320 > Exam 2: The GI System: Disorders Of The Gallbladder And Pancreas > Flashcards

Exam 2: The GI System: Disorders Of The Gallbladder And Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of gallbladder or cystic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Gallstone formation -> can lead to obstruction

Gallstones are aggregate of substances in bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Risk Factors for Cholelithiasis

A 
Obesity
Middle age
Female
Rapid weight loss
Native American ancestry
Genetic predisposition
Gallbladder, pancreatic, and ileal disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gallstones are of 2 types

A
  1. Made of cholesterol (most common)

2. Made of bilirubin “pigmented stones”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cholelithiasis: Pathophysiology

A

Cholesterol gallstones form in bile → saturated with cholesterol produced by liver → cholesterol crystal formation occurs ‘microstones’ → more crystals aggregate which grow to form ‘macrostones’ → may lie dormant or become lodged in cystic or common duct → pain and cholecystitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Clinical Manifestations: Cholelithiasis

A 
Abdominal pain (RUQ or middle upper)
Fever
Jaundice
N/V
Heartburn
Flatulence
Food intolerance (fats and cabbage)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cholelithiasis Treatment

A

Medication

Surgery: laparoscopic cholecystectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cholelithiasis: Medications

A

Ursodiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ursodiol

A

Used to dissolve gallstones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ursodiol: Serious Side Effects

A

Frequent urination or pain when urinating

Cough with fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bile acid which is naturally produced in the body and stored in the gallbladder -> decreases

A

Production of cholesterol. Ursodiol dissolves the cholesterol in bile to prevent stone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

A

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be done to find or treat gallstones in common bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acute Cholecystitis

A

A sudden inflammation of gallbladder causes severe abdominal pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes acute cholecystitis?

A

90% is caused by gallstone in the gallbladder.

Other causes include severe illness and (rarely) tumors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acute Cholecystitis: Pathophysiology

A

Occurs when bile becomes trapped in gallbladder → buildup of bile causes irritation and pressure against distended wall of gallbladder → decreased blood flow and result in ischemia, necrosis, and perforation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Cholecystitis

A

RUQ or upper middle abdominal pain with rebound tenderness
Clay-colored stools
Fever
N/V
Jaundice
Leukocytosis
Elevated serum bilirubin, LFT/alkaline phosphatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cholecystitis Treatment

A

Pain medication (opioids)
Antibiotics
Low-fat diet
Surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What antibiotics are used for cholecystitis treatment?

A

Gentamicin

Clindamycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What surgery is used for cholecystitis treatment?

A

Cholecystectomy for persistent symptoms or development of chronic cholecystitis accompanies by recurrent, acute attacks

20
Q

Pancreatic Insufficiency

A

Insufficient pancreatic enzyme production (lipase, amylase, trypsin or chymotrypsin)

21
Q

Causes of pancreatic insufficiency

A

Pancreatitis
Pancreatic carcinoma
Pancreatic resection
Cystic fibrosis

22
Q

What is the main problem with pancreatic insufficiency?

A

Fat maldigestion is the main problem, so the patient will exhibit fatty stools and weight loss

23
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

Can be acute or chronic

24
Q

Pancreatitis is associated with

A 
Alcoholism
Obstructive biliary tract disease (cholelithiasis)
Peptic ulcers
Trauma
Hyperlipidemia
Certain drugs
25
Q

Acute Pancreatitis

A

Sudden swelling and inflammation of the pancreas.

26
Q

Acute pancreatitis: Pathophysiology

A

Develops d/t obstruction to outflow of pancreatic enzymes (amylase and lipase) → trapped in pancreas→ swelling and inflammation

27
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of acute pancreatitis?

A 
Epigastric or mid-abdominal pain radiating to back 
Fever N/V
Sweating
Abdominal distention 
Low blood pressure and hypovolemia 
Enzymes increase vascular permeability
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Increased amylase and lipase levels 
Leukocytosis
28
Q

Acute Pancreatitis Goals

A

To alleviate pancreatic inflammation and to correct underlying cause.

29
Q

Acute Pancreatitis Treatment

A

NPO -> TPN
Medications
IV fluids

30
Q

What types of medications are used to treat acute pancreatitis?

A

Antibiotics
Antidiarrheals
Antiemetic

31
Q

Antibiotics used to treat acute pancreatitis include

A 
Ampicillin
Imipenem-cilastatin (Primaxin)
Cefuroxime (Zinecef)
Ceftazidime (Ceptaz)
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
32
Q

What antidiarrheal medication is used to treat pancreatitis?

A

Flagyl

33
Q

What antiemetics are used to treat acute pancreatitis?

A

Phenothiazines: Promethazine (Phenergan) - affects dopamine

Serotonin Receptor Antagonists: Ondansetron (Zofran) - affects serotonin

34
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of pancreas that does not heal or improve and gets worse over time → permanent damage.

35
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis occurs when

A

digestive enzymes attack the pancreas and nearby tissues → causing pain.

36
Q

Causes of Chronic Pancreatitis

A 
Hereditary disorders of pancreas
Cystic fibrosis—most common inherited disorder
Hypercalcemia
Hyperlipidemia or hypertriglyceridemia 
Some medications
Autoimmune conditions
37
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Pancreatitis

A

Abdominal pain greatest in upper abdomen may last from hours to days; radiate to back

Digestive problems → chronic weight loss (unintentional), diarrhea, N/V, fatty or oily stools, pale or clay-colored stools

38
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis: Goal Treatment

A

Goal is to help relieve pain, improve pancreatic function and manage complications

39
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis: Treatment

A

Avoid alcohol
Low-fat meals (helps greasy stools)
Pain medication (NSAIDS or opioids)
Pancreatic enzyme replacement

40
Q

Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Drugs include

A

Pancrelipase (lipacreatin, pamcrease, zymase)

41
Q

Mechanism of Action: Pancrelipase

A

Contains lipase, protease and amylase of pork origin.

  1. Facilitate conversion of lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
  2. Convert starches into dextrin and sugars
  3. Convert proteins into peptides
42
Q

Primary use of pancrelipase

A

As replacement therapy for clients with insufficient pancreatic exocrine secretions

43
Q

Adverse Effects of Pancrelipase

A

GI symptoms of nausea, vomiting and or diarrhea

Can use metabolic symptom of hyperuricosuria.

44
Q

Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy: Assessment

A

Assess for use of foods that stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions.

Assess for and monitor presence, amount, type of pain.

Assess respiratory status.

45
Q

Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy: Monitoring

A

Monitor for elevated serum and urinary amylase and elevated serum bilirubin.

Monitor client’s nutritional and hydration status and for signs of infection.

Check for pork allergy.

NURS 320 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions