Exam 1: Overview of the Nervous System

Question 1

CNS

Answer 1

• receives and processes information; initiates action

- includes brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 2

Transmits signals between the CNS and rest of the body

Question 3

Motor neurons

Answer 3

carry signals from CNS which controls the activities of muscles and glands

Question 4

Sensory neurons

Answer 4

carry signals to the CNS from sensory organs

Question 5

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 5

voluntary control over skeletal muscles

Question 6

Autonomic nervous system is divided into two divisions, what are they?

Answer 6

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 7

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 7

involuntary control over smooth muscle, organs and glands

Question 8

Sympathetic Division

Answer 8

• prepares the body for stressful or energetic activity; for an immediate response to a potential threat
• “fight or flight” response

Question 9

The Sympathetic Division contains what kinds of receptors?

Answer 9

adrenergic receptors - alpha and beta

Question 10

The Parasympathetic Division contains what kinds of receptors?

Answer 10

cholinergic receptors

Question 11

Parasympathetic Division

Answer 11

• Activated under non-stressful conditions and directs maintenance activities.
• “Rest and Digest” response
• Digestive processes promoted while heart rate and blood pressure declines.

Question 12

Sympathetic responses are innervated by what nerves?

Answer 12

spinal nerves

Question 13

Parasympathetic responses are innervated by what nerves?

Answer 13

cranial and sacral nerves

Question 14

Neurons

Answer 14

primary cells of the nervous system

Question 15

Actions of the neuron

Answer 15

detects environmental changes and initiates body responses to maintain a steady state

Question 16

The autonomic nervous system is composed of 2 neuron systems:

Answer 16

1. pre-ganglionic neuron

2. post-ganglionic neuron

Question 17

Pre-ganglionic neuron

Answer 17

cell body is in the brain or spinal cord

carries impulses exiting the spinal cord

Question 18

Post-ganglionic neuron

Answer 18

• lies entirely outside the CNS and within the PNS

- directly innervates the target organ waiting to receive an impulse

Question 19

Cholinergic neurons

Answer 19

releases acetylcholine (all pre-ganglionic neurons, select sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons and all parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons)

Question 20

Cholinergic receptors

Answer 20

on the postsynaptic membrane that binds acetylcholine

Question 21

Two types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 21

1. nicotinic receptor

2. muscarinic receptor

Question 22

Nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors are found in

Answer 22

both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Question 23

Nicotinic Receptor

Answer 23

• present in skeletal muscle

- drugs that affect these receptors can produce tachycardia, hypertension and increased tone/motility in digestive tract

Question 24

Muscarinic Receptor

Answer 24

• stimulates smooth muscle and gland secretion

- drugs affecting these receptors can produce decreased heart rate/force of contraction

Question 25

Adrenergic neurons

Answer 25

releases norepinephrine (mostly found in sympathetic nervous system released by post-ganglionic fibers)

Question 26

Adrenergic receptors

Answer 26

binds norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 27

Types of Adrenergic Receptors

Answer 27

1. Alpha 1 2. Alpha 2 3. Beta 1 4. Beta 2

Question 28

Alpha 1 Receptors treat

Answer 28

nasal congestion and hypotension

Question 29

Alpha 1 Receptors control

Answer 29

- smooth muscle of blood vessels (excitation; vasoconstriction) - radial muscles of eye (dilation of pupil) - sphincter muscles of stomach and urinary bladder (closing) - salivary gland cells (decreased salivation) - sweat glands on palms and soles (increased sweating)

Question 30

Alpha 2 Receptors

Answer 30

inhibits the release of norepinephrine | treatment of hypertension

Question 31

Alpha 2 Receptors control

Answer 31

- smooth muscle in some blood vessels (inhibition;vasodilation) - beta cells in pancreatic islets (decrease insulin secretion) - pancreatic acinar cells (inhibition of digestive enzyme secretion) - blood platelets (aggregation or cluster)

Question 32

Beta 1 Receptors

Answer 32

increased heart rate and force contraction; release of renin | treatment of cardiac arrest, CHF, shock

Question 33

Beta 1 Receptors control

Answer 33

- cardiac muscle (excitation; increased force and rate of contraction) - posterior pituitary (secretion of antidiuretic hormones) - adipose cells (breakdown of triglycerides)

Question 34

Beta 2 Receptors

Answer 34

- inhibition of smooth muscle | - treatment of asthma and premature labor contractions

Question 35

Beta 2 Receptors control

Answer 35

- smooth muscle in airways (relaxation; bronchodilation) - blood vessels (relaxation; vasodilation) - walls of internal organs (relaxation) - ciliary muscles (inhibition; relaxation) - hepatocytes (glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen)

Question 36

Sympathetic Pre-ganglionic fibers

Answer 36

cholinergic receptors (acetylcholine)

Question 37

Sympathetic Post-ganglionic fibers

Answer 37

adrenergic receptors (norepinephrine)

Question 38

Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers

Answer 38

cholinergic receptors (acetylcholine)

Question 39

What are the four types of autonomic drugs?

Answer 39

1. sympathomimetics 2. adrenergic antagonists 3. parasympathomimetics 4. anti-cholinergics

Question 40

Sympathomimetics

Answer 40

- adrenergic agent - stimulation of SNS - produces symptoms of "fight or flight" response - treats shock and hypotension

Question 41

Adrenergic Antagonists

Answer 41

- adrenergic-blocking agents - inhibition of the SNS -produces symptoms of "rest and digest" response - treats hypertension

Question 42

Parasympathomimetics

Answer 42

- cholinergic agents | - stimulates the PNS - produces symptoms of "rest and digest" response

Question 43

Parasympathomimetics treat

Answer 43

glaucoma (reduce IOP) and stimulatory effects on smooth muscle of the bowel or urinary tract.

Question 44

Anti-cholinergics

Answer 44

- cholinergic blocking agents | - inhibits PNS - induces "fight or flight" response

Question 45

Anti-cholinergic drugs treat

Answer 45

GI disorders (decrease secretion of acid in PUD, reduce cramping and diarrhea in IBS), bradycardia (accelerate heart rate) and asthma(dilate the bronchi)

Question 46

Check slides 20-23 for drugs

Answer 46

not sure if supposed to memorize?