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HS 401 - SU 16 @ OU > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula (Atresia)

A

Congenital abnormality where esophagus communicates with trachea. Most common is where the upper end is a blind pouch.

Causes: Congenital
Symptoms: Newborn choking, excessive salivation, respiratory distres
Treatment: Surgery

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2
Q

Barrett Esophagus

A

Lower portion of esophagus squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium.

Causes: Usually from GERD
Symptoms: Symptoms related to GERD, dysphagia, ulcerations
Treatment: Acid pump reducer drugs (Nexium) reduce the acid. Antacids are only temporary (Tums), H-2 blockers (Zantac) blocks the histamine which slows the acid

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3
Q

Achalasia

A

Esophageal sphincter doesn’t relax during peristalsis so food gets clogged in esophagus and dilates.

Causes: Idiopathic
Symptoms: Progressive dysphagia, regurgitation, bird-beak esophagus (shown from Barium esophageal swallow)
Treatment: Botox, LES dilation

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4
Q

GERD

A

Reflux of gastric juice into esophagus

Causes: Untreated LES. Associated with hiatal hernia, alcohol, and tobacco
Symptoms: Heartburn which worsens after meals, lying down, and bending, but relieved by antacids. Complications can lead to Barrett esophagus
Treatment: H-2 blockers (Zantac) and lifestyle modifications

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5
Q

Esophageal Carcinoma

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma is in upper esophagus. Lesions and ulcers
Adenocarcinoma is lower esophagus from Barrett esophagus

Causes: Barrett esophagus, achalasia, smoking and alcohol
Symptoms: Dysphagia starting with solid foods then liquid, anorexia, hematemesis
Treatment: Chemo, radiation, surgery. BAD prognosis

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6
Q

Acute Gastritis

A

Acidic damage to the stomach, associated with ulceration and bleeding

Causes: NSAIDs, alochol, smoking
Symptoms: Hemorrhages, neutrophilic infiltration, anorexia, epigastric pain, hematemesis, nausea, vomiting
Treatment: H-2 Blockers (Zantac), acid pump reducer (Prilosec)

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7
Q

Chronic Gastritis

A

Acidic damage to the stomach. Type A is autoimmune and Type B is caused by bacterial infection

Symptoms: Type A - Chronic mucosal infection and atrophy of mucosal glands, thickened folds in fundus, lymphocyte infiltration, fatigue, autobodies to parietal cells, pernicious anemia. Type B - asymptomatic with peptic ulcer
Treatment: Type A - vitamin B12. Type B - triple therapy

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8
Q

Peptic Ulcer

A

Holes in stomach

Causes: H. pylori (95%). In duodenum, arises from increased acid and pepsin secretion. In Gastric, arises from decreased mucosal protection
Symptoms: Punched out margins near lesser curvature. In duodenum, there’s hypertrophy of Brunner glands
Treatment: Gastric - pain intensifies after meals, weight loss. Duodenum - pain lessens after meals, weight gain. H-2 Blockers help (Zantac) and triple therapy. D Ulcers don’t lead to carcinoma, G Ulcers do

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9
Q

Gastric Carcinoma

A

Malignant epithelial cells. Most common in men over 50 and those with blood group A

Causes: Chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers
Symptoms: Weight loss, epigastric pain. Intestinal - lesions with necrotic base and heaped up margins. Diffuse - leather bottle stomach
Treatment: Surgery with or without chemo

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10
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Inflammation of distal ileum (right side abdomen). Corn on the cob

Causes: Idiopathic
Symptoms: Ulcers of mucosal layer and scaring of the small intestine. Precense of granuloma, fistula, and stenosis. String sign on X-Ray after barium swallow. Symptoms like IBD.
Treatment: Cortisol, Humira

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11
Q

Celiac Sprue

A

Autoimmune disease against gluten

Causes: Idiopathic/autoimmune
Symptoms: Failure to thrive, malabsorption, steatorrhea (pale, frothy stool), chronic diarrhea, dermatitis herpetiformis (blisters over trunk, scalp, and neck). Lab findings include antigliadin and antiendomysial and anti-TTG antibodies.
Treatment: Gluten-free diet

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12
Q

Acute Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix

Causes: Obstruction of the appendix by a fecalith, inflammation, foreign body, or neoplasm. Affects mostly 10-30 year olds
Symptoms: Swollen appendix, neutrophilic infiltration. RLQ pain (McBurney’s point), fever, vomiting, pain by hip
Treatment: Appendectomy

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13
Q

Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

A

Carcinoma arising from colonic or rectal mucosa;
3rd most common site of cancer. Peak incidence
is 60-70 years of age.

Causes: Adenomatous polyps, ulcerative colitis, P53 mutation, DNA mismatch repair, low fiber
Symptoms: Pallor, weight loss, intermittent diarrhea, LLQ pain. Positive stool guaiac test, increased serum CEA
Treatment: Surgical resection, chemotherapy

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14
Q

Adenomatous Polyps

A 
Tubular Adenomas (75%): Most common. Appear as peducular mass on the membrane. Malignancy potential is low
Tubulovillous Adenomas (15%): Similar in appearance to tubular adenomas, except their surface has finger-like projections. Malignancy potential is intermediate
Villous Adenomas (10%): Flattened with large finger-like villi. High malignancy potential

Causes: Somewhat genetic
Symptoms: Asymptomatic to rectal bleeding
Treatment: Aspririn, NSAIDs, Colonoscopic removal

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15
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Chronic inflammation and linear ulcerations with megacolon and pseudopolyps. Mucosal layer is red and granular. Meat loaf

Causes: Idiopathic
Symptoms: Tenesmus (urge to defecate ineffectively), diarrhea with blood, toxic megacolon (leads to gangrene), increased risk for colorectal adenocarcinoma. Lead-pipe appearance
Treatment: Antidiarrheals, cortisol, DMARDs

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16
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Presence of multiple diverticula usually in sigmoid colon

Causes: Increased pressure in bowel and bowel wall weakness
Symptoms: Asymptomatic, some abdominal discomfort
Treatment: High-fiber diet, laxatives

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17
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of diverticula

Causes: Impacted fecal material causes inflammation
Symptoms: Fever, LLQ abdominal pain, bright red blood in stool
Treatment: Antibiotics, high-fiber diet

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18
Q

Hirschsprung Disease

A

Megacolon proximal to rectum. No ganglion cells of Auerbach and Meissner plexuses

Causes: Failure of neural crest cell migration
Symptoms: Failure to pass meconium, chronic constipation
Treatment: Surgery

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19
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural space.

Causes: Rupture of some sort
Symptoms: Trachial deviation, chest pain, dyspnea
Treatment: Needle decompression

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20
Q

Lung Carcinoma

A

Causes: cigarette smoking, air pollution, radiation, asbestos, nickel, chromium

Squamous cell: most common, tumors are centralized
Adenocarcinoma: most common in non-smokers, slow growth rate, peripheral tumors
Small cell (oat cell): highly malignant, small round cells with neuclei resembling oat grains
Large cell: pleomorphic giant cells, peripheral lesions, undifferentiated, poor prognosis

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21
Q

Polymyositis

A

Inflammation of skeletal muscles

Causes: Idiopathic, CD8+ T-cell injury
Symptoms: Necrotic muscle cells, gradual proximal muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, endomysial inflammation (CD8)
Treatment: Corticosteroids, immunosupression

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22
Q

Dermatomyositis

A

Inflammation of skin and skeletal muscles

Causes: Idiopathic, immune complex deposition in blood vessels
Symptoms: Necrotic muscle cells, rash of the upper eyelids (heliotrope), red papules on the elbows, knuckles, and knees (Gottron papules), rash similar to lupus, proximal muscle weakness
Treatment: Corticosteroids, immunosupression

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23
Q

Abrasion

24
Q

Avulsion

Study These Flashcards
A

Skin peeling off

25
Myasthenia Gravis
Antibodies bind to acetylcholine receptors at NMJs, so muscles don't work Causes: Hypersensitivity II, autoimmune Symptoms: Eye drooping, facial muscles relaxed, speech affected. Diagnosed by tensilon test Treatment: immunosupression, blood transfusions, anticholinesterase
26
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
Antibodies against presynaptic calcium channels at NMJ Causes: Small cell carcinoma Symptoms: Proximal muscle weakness Treatment: Treating the cancer
27
Myotonic Dystrophy
Autosomal dominant disorder. Results in increased CTG repeats Causes: Genetic Symptoms: Myotonia (can't relax muscles), atrophy, facial muscle weakness, cataracts, testicular atrophy, baldness, hatchet face Treatment: Phenytoin
28
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
X-linked recessive disorder. No dystrophin means the structural proteins in the membrane aren't held together. Only affects males Causes: Genetic Symptoms: Weakness in proximal muscles of extremities (usually pelvis), eventual immobilization, pseudohypertrophy of calves, Gower's maneuver. Increased serum CK. Affects respiratory muscles Treatment: Glucocorticoids, poor prognosis, death at 25
29
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
Similar to Duchenne Causes: Genetic Symptoms: Similar to Duchenne. Mutated dystrophin Treatment: Death at around 40
30
Botulism
Food poisoning from Clostridium botulinum, mostly from canned foods Causes: Old canned food Symptoms: The toxin binds to ACH receptors, resulting in paralysis of skeletal and respiratory muscles Treatment: Antitoxins
31
Albinism
Inability of melanocytes to produce melanin Causes: Genetic, enzyme deficiency tyrosinase Symptoms: Hypopigmentation Treatment: None
32
Vitiligo
Autoimmune destruction of melanocytes Causes: Autoimmune Symptoms: Flat lesions of pigment loss (MJ) Treatment: Corticosteroids
33
Melasma
Hyperpigmented patches usually on cheeks and forehead Causes: Pregnancy, oral contraceptives Symptoms: Mask of pregnancy Treatment: Sunscreen
34
Ichthyosis Congenita
Fish Skin Causes: Congenital Symptoms: Hard, thickened skin Treatment: Salicylic acid
35
Jackson's Theory
Zone of Coagulation: Area in a burn nearest the heat source that suffers the most damage as evidenced by clotted blood and thrombosed blood vessels Zone of Stasis: Area surrounding zone of coagulation characterized by decreased blood flow Zone of Hyperemia: Peripheral area around burn that has an increased blood flow
36
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Type IV Hypersensitivity Causes: Allergens Symptoms: Edema within epidermis, vesicles, thickening of epidermis Treatment: Corticosteroids
37
Eczema
Dermatitis except cause unknown
38
Scleroderma
Thickening and hardening of the skin Causes: Autoimmune, presence of HLA-DQB1 and autoantibodies Symptoms: Thickened skin exhibits (a) a increase in collagen fibers in the dermis; (b) thinning of the epidermis, (c) atrophy of dermal appendages; (d) hyalinization and destruction of arterioles and (e) variable mononuclear infiltrates, consisting primarily of T cells Treatment: anti-inflammatories, immunosuppresives
39
Psoriasis
Red patches with silver scales Causes: Idiopathic, autoimmune, genetic Symptoms: No itching, positive Auspitz sign, nail discoloring, psoriatic arthritis (usually fingers) Treatment: Corticosteroids, UVB light exposure
40
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Most common skin cancer Causes: Chronic exposure to light Symptoms: Elevated nodule with central dome-shaped papule Treatment: Surgical excision
41
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Malignant proliferation of squamous cells Causes: Excessive exposure to UV light, defective DNA repair mechanisms Symptoms: Small red firm ulcerating nodules on face Treatment: Metastasis is rare, surgery
42
Malignant Melanoma
Malignant neoplasm of melanocytes Causes: Excessive exposure to UV light, genetic, albinism Symptoms: a) Radial growth: discolored macule, horizontal growth of nests of atypical cells within epidermis, lymphocytic infiltrate and melanin containing macrophages in dermis, does not metastasize; (2) Vertical growth: nodular appearance, growth into underlying dermis, does metastasize and metastatic probability is directly proportional to depth of invasion Treatment: Surgical excision, IL-2 treatment
43
Hirsutism
Soft, fine hair transformed to coarse, thick hair Causes: High androgen Symptoms: deep voice, muscle bulk, clit enlargement Treatment: Oral contraceptives
44
Alopecia
Autoimmune destruction of hair follicles Causes: Autoimmune Symptoms: Hair loss Treatment: Immunosuppresives, topicals
45
Achondroplasia
Form of dwarfism Causes: Mutation of gene FGFR3 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) Symptoms: Cartilage proliferation in growth plate, dwarfism Treatment: None
46
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Brittle bone disease Causes: Deficient synthesis of type 1 collagen, autosomal dominant Symptoms: Multiple fractures, blue sclerae, hearing loss Treatment: Pneumatic bracing
47
Osteopetrosis
Thick bones Causes: Defective osteoclasts Symptoms: Multiple fractures, anemia, cranial nerve palsies Treatment: Bone marrow transplant
48
Osteomyelitis
Infection of bone and bone marrow Causes: Usually bacterial (S. aureus, gonorrhea, salmonella, TB), needles Symptoms: Bone pain with systemic signs of infection, abscess of bone on X-ray Treatment: Antibiotics
49
Osteoporosis
Decrease in bone mass/porous bone Causes: Genetic, diet and exercise, decreased estrogen Symptoms: Multiple fractures, spine curving/shortening, DEXA shows low bone mass Treatment: Bisphosphonates, SERM, calcium and vitamin D
50
Rickets and Osteomalacia
Softening of bones. Rickets is children, osteomalacia is adults Causes: Vitamin D deficiency which results in low calcium and phosphate serum levels Symptoms: Rickets - bowlegged, pigeon breast, shortened stature. Osteomalacia - diffuse back pain, muscle weakness Treatment: Vitamin D
51
Paget's Disease
Increase in both osteoclasts and osteoblasts Causes: Idiopathic Symptoms: Microfractures, bone pain, lion-face, hearing loss, bowleg, kyphosis (hunch back) Treatment: Calcitonin, bisphosphonates
52
Osteoma
Most common benign tumor in bone Causes: Lateral part of growth plate displacement Symptoms: Extra cartilage from bone growth covers bone Treatment: Surgery if symptomatic
53
Chondrosarcoma
Malignant tumor of cartilage commonly found in pelvis Treatment: Surgery, chemo
54
Osteosarcoma
Malignant tumor from osteoblasts affecting 10-20 yr old males. 60% of tumors in knee. Codman triangle Treatment: Surgery, chemo
55
Ewing's Sarcoma
Childhood tumor. Blue due to primitive cells. Affects males
56
Osteoarthritis
Most common joint disease Causes: Mechanical wear and tear Symptoms: Polishing of bone, joint stiffness that worsens, affects hips knees and fingers and toes Treatment: NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, Voltaren, surgery
57
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Systemic inflammation of joints Causes: Idiopathic Symptoms: Cartilage is destroyed and replaced with pannus, joint deformity, rheumatoid nodule, most severe in morning but gets better, swan neck deformity. Lab findings: autoantibodies

HS 401 - SU 16 @ OU (14 decks)

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