Exam 1 - Chapter 1

Question 1

Ribosomes and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Answer 1

• Ribosomes (“polysomes”)—synthesis of proteins for internal purposes
• RER—synthesis of proteins for export

Question 2

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Answer 2

• Catabolism—metabolic degradation of drugs, hormones, and nutrients
• Synthesis of steroid hormones
• Prominent in the liver, adrenal cells, and Leydig cells

Question 3

Secondary Lysosomes

Answer 3

heterophagosomes and autophagosomes which give rise to residual bodies (lipfuscin)

Question 4

Lipofuscin

Answer 4

• Brown pigment composed of oxidized lipids
• “Undigested contents of autophagosomes and heterophagosomes”
• Accumulates in aging tissues

Question 5

Phagocytosis

Answer 5

The ingestion of particles that are too large to pass across the cell membrane

Question 6

Pinocytosis

Answer 6

Ingestion of fluid rather than solid material

Question 7

Autocrine Cell Interaction

Answer 7

When a cell acts upon itself

Question 8

Paracrine Cell Interaction

Answer 8

When a cell acts upon its direct neighbor

Question 9

Endocrine Cell Interaction

Answer 9

When a cell acts upon another cell by sending messages through the bloodstream (think how endocrine glands secrete hormones through the bloodstream)

Question 10

Apoptosis

Answer 10

Programmed death of single cells within a living organism
Dead cell contains rounded up, fragmented apoptopic bodies which are then phagocytized by macrophages
The cell membrane remains intact

Question 11

Necrosis

Answer 11

Localized death of cells or tissues in a living organism
Dead cell will appear swollen and ruptured, and is phagocytized by neutrophils
The cell membrane is also ruptured

Question 12

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 12

There are three morphologic changes:
• Pyknosis: Nucleus becomes smaller and stains deeply basophilic as chromatin clumping continues
• Karyorrhexis: Pyknotic nucleus breaks up into many smaller fragments scattered (nuclear dust)
• Karyolysis: Pyknotic nucleus may be extracted from the cell due to enzymatic digestion

Question 13

Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 13

Rate of dissolution of the necrotic cells is faster than the rate of repair. The cavity of abscess is formed by liquefactive necrosis

Question 14

Caseous Necrosis

Answer 14

Characteristic of tuberculosis (TB). The lesions of TB are compact aggregates of macrophages and other inflammatory cells known as granulomas. Debris from the dead cells are grayish white and soft. It resembles clumpy cheese characteristics

Question 15

Fat Necrosis

Answer 15

Affects adipose tissue and most commonly results from pancreatitis or trauma. Appears as an irregular, chalky white area embedded in otherwise normal adipose tissue. Traumatic fat necrosis is common in the breast where it may be mistaken for cancer

Question 16

Dystrophic Calcification

Answer 16

Necrotic tissue attracts calcium salts and becomes calcified (e.g. atherosclerosis of arteries, damaged heart valves)

Question 17

Metastatic Calcification

Answer 17

Hypercalcemia (high calcium) followed by deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues
– Most common cause of hypercalcemia is hyperparathyroidism (hyper active parathyroid gland)