Exam 1 - Chapter 4 Flashcards
T Helper Cells
These T cells help killer cells and B cells destroy the pathogens. They are CD4+
T Suppressor Cells
These T cells make sure your immune system doesn’t get out of hand and start attacking every single thing that comes its way (like your own cells, or stupid things like pollen). They are CD8+
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Also known as Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA). They are cell surface proteins that bind to the foreign antigens to present them for destruction
MHC-1 binds to CD8 (T suppressor cells) (1 X 8 = 8)
MHC-2 binds to CD4 (T helper cells) (2 X 4 = 8)
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
They are Y-shaped, free-floating proteins that bind to the foreign antigen on invader cells' surface, and both flag them for destruction and help destroy them. Five types: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Immunoglobulin D (IgD) Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
IgG
The most abundant antibodies. These can cross the placenta and affect the fetus
IgM
The biggest antibodies (huge). People look for the number of these antibodies in a person to see if there’s actually an infection
IgA
Binds to the antigen and forms an antibody-antigen complex that can’t be absorbed
IgD
Barely any. Found in blood and B lymphocytes. Function unknown
IgE
Barely any but increase with allergic reactions
Type I Hypersensitivity Diseases
Immediate acute reaction that may lead to anaphylactic shock • Hay fever • Asthma • Atopic dermatitis • Anaphylactic shock
Type II Hypersensitivity Diseases
Involves IgG and IgM. The immune complex destroys the cells it binds to • Hemolytic anemia • Goodpasture’s syndrome (kidney) • Graves’ disease (Thyroid) • Myasthenia gravis (Muscle)
Type III Hypersensitivity Diseases
Involves IgG and IgM. The immune complex gets deposited in tissues which results in injury to the tissue
• SER (Systemic lupus erythematosus) (Lupus)
• Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
• Polyarteritis nodosa
Type IV (Cell-Mediated) Delayed Hypersensitivity Diseases
Doesn’t involve antibodies. Just a delayed reaction to an antigen
• Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, fungi (Histoplasma capsulatum)
• Reaction to tumors
• Sarcoidosis (lung disease)
• Contact dermatitis (Poision Ivy)
Autograft
When the patient has a part of themselves used to repair a different part (e.g. taking skin from the leg to repair the arm, using blood vessels from the leg to repair the arm)
Isograft
Transplanting parts between genetically identical/similar patients
Homograft (Allograft)
Think HOMOsapiens. Involves transplantation between anyone of the same species. Must require a test of the MHC to check for compatibility
Xenograft
Transplanting parts between animals of different species (e.g. putting a pig’s heart in a human’s body)
Blood Typing
Blood type O is a universal donor, but can only accept O blood. Blood type AB is a universal recipient, but can only donate to other AB patients
Rh Factor
It’s a protein on blood cells. If someone is Rh+, that means that they have the Rh protein on their blood cells. If someone is Rh-, then they don’t have the protein
So if a mother is Rh-, and the father is Rh+, and the fetus is Rh+, you have a mother who doesn’t have the protein carrying a baby that does
The mother’s body won’t recognize the foreign protein and will make antibodies to kill it. During the first pregnancy, the body won’t react in time to kill the baby. But if there’s a second pregnancy, the first antibodies are still in the mother and will remember to kill the baby
Lupus
A systemic (affecting the whole body) autoimmune disease. Usually symptoms are arthritis in the knees, hair loss, and a butterfly rash over the nose and cheeks
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Defect (SCID)
The boy in the plastic bubble. They have problems with both T cells and B cells, leaving their immune system completely vulnerable
DiGeorge’s Syndrome
Just a deficiency in T cells
AIDS
Attacks and destroys the body’s own T cells, making the person’s immune system vulnerable to infection
HIV
A retrovirus that contains its information in RNA. Has reverse transcriptase to convert RNA into DNA once in the host. Binds to CD4 (T helper cells), which affects cell-mediated immunity directly, and humoral immunity indirectly. Makes the person susceptible to many infections, which in turn are life-threatening (e.g. pneumonia, toxoplasmosis (CNS disease), herpes)
HIV Drugs
Protease inhibitors block the virus from replicating into new virus cells
Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors block the virus from transcribing its RNA into DNA
Amyloids
Misfolded proteins. The beta-pleated sheets are misfolded, resulting in an abnormal protein
Amyloidosis
Deposits of amyloids in organs.
Systemic: Involves two or more organs and can be fatal
Local: Involves one organ (e.g. AB amyloid in brain in Alzheimer’s patients)
