Exam 1 - Chapter 4

Question 1

T Helper Cells

Answer 1

These T cells help killer cells and B cells destroy the pathogens. They are CD4+

Question 2

T Suppressor Cells

Answer 2

These T cells make sure your immune system doesn’t get out of hand and start attacking every single thing that comes its way (like your own cells, or stupid things like pollen). They are CD8+

Question 3

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Answer 3

Also known as Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA). They are cell surface proteins that bind to the foreign antigens to present them for destruction
MHC-1 binds to CD8 (T suppressor cells) (1 X 8 = 8)
MHC-2 binds to CD4 (T helper cells) (2 X 4 = 8)

Question 4

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

Answer 4

They are Y-shaped, free-floating proteins that bind to the foreign antigen on invader cells' surface, and both flag them for destruction and help destroy them. Five types:
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Question 5

IgG

Answer 5

The most abundant antibodies. These can cross the placenta and affect the fetus

Question 6

IgM

Answer 6

The biggest antibodies (huge). People look for the number of these antibodies in a person to see if there’s actually an infection

Question 7

IgA

Answer 7

Binds to the antigen and forms an antibody-antigen complex that can’t be absorbed

Question 8

IgD

Answer 8

Barely any. Found in blood and B lymphocytes. Function unknown

Question 9

IgE

Answer 9

Barely any but increase with allergic reactions

Question 10

Type I Hypersensitivity Diseases

Answer 10

Immediate acute reaction that may lead to anaphylactic shock
• Hay fever
• Asthma
• Atopic dermatitis
• Anaphylactic shock

Question 11

Type II Hypersensitivity Diseases

Answer 11

Involves IgG and IgM. The immune complex destroys the cells it binds to
• Hemolytic anemia
• Goodpasture’s syndrome (kidney)
• Graves’ disease (Thyroid)
• Myasthenia gravis (Muscle)

Question 12

Type III Hypersensitivity Diseases

Answer 12

Involves IgG and IgM. The immune complex gets deposited in tissues which results in injury to the tissue
• SER (Systemic lupus erythematosus) (Lupus)
• Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
• Polyarteritis nodosa

Question 13

Type IV (Cell-Mediated) Delayed Hypersensitivity Diseases

Answer 13

Doesn’t involve antibodies. Just a delayed reaction to an antigen
• Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, fungi (Histoplasma capsulatum)
• Reaction to tumors
• Sarcoidosis (lung disease)
• Contact dermatitis (Poision Ivy)

Question 14

Autograft

Answer 14

When the patient has a part of themselves used to repair a different part (e.g. taking skin from the leg to repair the arm, using blood vessels from the leg to repair the arm)

Question 15

Isograft

Answer 15

Transplanting parts between genetically identical/similar patients

Question 16

Homograft (Allograft)

Answer 16

Think HOMOsapiens. Involves transplantation between anyone of the same species. Must require a test of the MHC to check for compatibility

Question 17

Xenograft

Answer 17

Transplanting parts between animals of different species (e.g. putting a pig’s heart in a human’s body)

Question 18

Blood Typing

Answer 18

Blood type O is a universal donor, but can only accept O blood. Blood type AB is a universal recipient, but can only donate to other AB patients

Question 19

Rh Factor

Answer 19

It’s a protein on blood cells. If someone is Rh+, that means that they have the Rh protein on their blood cells. If someone is Rh-, then they don’t have the protein
So if a mother is Rh-, and the father is Rh+, and the fetus is Rh+, you have a mother who doesn’t have the protein carrying a baby that does
The mother’s body won’t recognize the foreign protein and will make antibodies to kill it. During the first pregnancy, the body won’t react in time to kill the baby. But if there’s a second pregnancy, the first antibodies are still in the mother and will remember to kill the baby

Question 20

Lupus

Answer 20

A systemic (affecting the whole body) autoimmune disease. Usually symptoms are arthritis in the knees, hair loss, and a butterfly rash over the nose and cheeks

Question 21

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Defect (SCID)

Answer 21

The boy in the plastic bubble. They have problems with both T cells and B cells, leaving their immune system completely vulnerable

Question 22

DiGeorge’s Syndrome

Answer 22

Just a deficiency in T cells

Question 23

AIDS

Answer 23

Attacks and destroys the body’s own T cells, making the person’s immune system vulnerable to infection

Question 24

HIV

Answer 24

A retrovirus that contains its information in RNA. Has reverse transcriptase to convert RNA into DNA once in the host. Binds to CD4 (T helper cells), which affects cell-mediated immunity directly, and humoral immunity indirectly. Makes the person susceptible to many infections, which in turn are life-threatening (e.g. pneumonia, toxoplasmosis (CNS disease), herpes)

Question 25

HIV Drugs

Answer 25

Protease inhibitors block the virus from replicating into new virus cells
Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors block the virus from transcribing its RNA into DNA

Question 26

Amyloids

Answer 26

Misfolded proteins. The beta-pleated sheets are misfolded, resulting in an abnormal protein

Question 27

Amyloidosis

Answer 27

Deposits of amyloids in organs.
Systemic: Involves two or more organs and can be fatal
Local: Involves one organ (e.g. AB amyloid in brain in Alzheimer’s patients)