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Microbiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

____ is the study of heredity

A

Genetics

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2
Q

____ is the transmission of genetic material from an organism to its progeny.

A

Heredity

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3
Q

____ is a specific sequence of nucleotides that encodes for a polypeptide and is a functional unit of DNA.

A

Gene

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4
Q

____ is the genetic information inside an organism or virus. (contains essential genes for structure and function.)

A

Genome

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5
Q

___ is an alternate form of a gene.

It occupies the same place on the DNA molecule as another form but can carry different information for a trait.

A

Allele

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6
Q

____ is a structure that contains the DNA of organisms.

A

Chromosome

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7
Q

____ is the gene sequence/genetic information contained int he DNA of an organism.

A

Genotype

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8
Q

____ is the physical appearance/specific observable characteristics displayed by an organism.

A

Phenotype

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9
Q

4 nucleotides that make up DNA.

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

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10
Q

4 nucleotides that make up RNA.

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

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11
Q

____ opens up the DNA double helix in replication. (Unzips/unwinds the double helix)

A

Helicase

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12
Q

____ is the enzyme that copies during DNA replication. (DNA to DNA)

A

DNA Polymerase

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13
Q

____ is the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template.

A

Transcription

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14
Q

____ is the synthesis of DNA from a DNA template.

A

Replication

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15
Q

____ is the synthesis of a protein from information in mRNA.

A

Translation

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16
Q

____ are basically extra genes that give bacteria something beneficial. (SMall, circular, independently replicating piece of DNA in a cell that is not part of its chromosome and can be transferred to another cell.)

A

Plasmid

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17
Q

Bacteria have how many copies of a gene?

A

1

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18
Q

What are the 3 kinds of RNA.

A 
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
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19
Q

A promoter is what in transcription.

A

The start of a gene.

Beginning [place] of transcription

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20
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

Opens up the DNA double helix and and copies it to RNA.

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21
Q

Where does transcription take place in prokaryotic cells?

A

Cytoplasm

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22
Q

Where does transcription take place in eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus

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23
Q

____ carries information from DNA for protein synthesis.

A

mRNA

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24
Q

____ has base triplets called codons that constitute the genetic code.

A

mRNA

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25
Q

____ is found in the cytoplasm, where they pick up amino acids and “transfer” them to mRNA.
(Transfers amino acids to proteins.)

A

tRNA

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26
Q

____ has single triplet of bases called and anticodon.

pairs complementarily the corresponding codon in mRNA

A

tRNA

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27
Q

____ is a sequence of three bases (triplet) in mRNA that make amino acids.

A

Codon

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28
Q

A ____ specifies a particular amino acid or acts as a terminator/stop ____.

A

Codon

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29
Q

____ is the one to one relationship between each codon and a specific amino acid.

A

Genetic Code

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30
Q

____ is the first codon in a molecule of mRNA.

A

Start Codon

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31
Q

____ is the last codon to be translated in a molecule of mRNA.

A

Stop Codon

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32
Q

____ begins the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. (Always codes for Methionine in bacteria.)

A

Start Codon

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33
Q

____ causes the ribosome to release from the mRNA.

A

Stop Codon

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34
Q

____ is a start codon marking the beginning of protein synthesis.

A

AUG

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35
Q

____, ____, & ____ are the 3 stop codons which stops translation.

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

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36
Q

____ is the flow of genetic information.

A

Genetic Dogma

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37
Q

____ is a heritable change in the gene sequence (DNA)

A

Mutation

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38
Q

A ____ is a base substitution, or nucleotide replacement, in which one base is substituted for another at a specific location in a gene.

A

Point mutation

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39
Q

A ____ results from the deletion or insertion of one or more bases.

A

Frameshift mutation

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40
Q

____ occur in the absence of any agent known to cause changes in DNA. (usually caused by an error in DNA Replication.)

A

Spontaneous Mutation

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41
Q

A ____ is produced by agents called mutagens that increase the mutation rate.

A

Induced Mutation

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42
Q

____ is an went that increases the rate of mutations.

A

Mutagen

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43
Q

____ is the killing or removal of “all” microorganisms in a material or on an object.

A

Sterilization

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44
Q

Is it possible to sterilize skin?

A

No. Only by burning.

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45
Q

____ describes an environment or procedure that is “free” from contamination by pathogens.

A

Aseptic

46
Q

____ is the process of “reducing” or inhibiting microbial growth by applying “chemicals” to inanimate objects.

A

Disinfection

47
Q

____ is the application of “chemicals” (antiseptic) to “living tissue” to reduce or inhibit microbial growth.

A

Antisepsis

48
Q

____ is the removal of microbes from a surface by “scrubbing.”

A

Degerming

49
Q

____ is a chemical agent typically used on food-handling equipment and eating utensils to reduce bacterial numbers.

A

Sanitizer

50
Q

____ is lowering the number of pathogens on objects to safe “public health levels” using “chemicals.”
(to minimize disease transmission)

A

Sanitization

51
Q

-cide/-cidal refers to what?

A

Destruction/death of the organism

52
Q

-stasis/static refers to what?

A

Inhibition but not complete destruction

53
Q

____ is the “permanent loss” of reproductive ability under ideal environmental conditions.
(IS CONSTANT OVER TIME)

A

Microbial Death

54
Q

3 factors to consider in selecting a microbial control agent.

A
  1. Nature of the sites to be treated
  2. Degree of susceptibility of the microbes involved
  3. Environmental conditions that pertain
55
Q

Name at least 2 environmental conditions that pertain to microbial control agents.

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH
  3. Organic materials
56
Q

____ uses a high temperature for a short time to destroy pathogens without altering flavor of for or beverage.
(does NOT sterilize)

A

Pasteurization

57
Q

____ is a mutation where you change the codon but do not change the amino acid.

A

Silent Mutation

58
Q

____ is a mutation where both the codon and the amino acid changes.

A

Missense Mutation

59
Q

What is meant when it is said that the genetic code is universal?

A

The genetic code is the same in every organism

60
Q

What is meant when it is said that the genetic code is non ambiguous?

A

The same codons stay with the same Amino Acids

61
Q

What is meant when it is said that the genetic code is degenerate?

A

There is more that one codon from some Amino Acids

62
Q

4 major steps of elongation of translation.

A
  1. tRNA enters A site carrying Amino Acids
  2. Peptide bond form between Amino Acids in the P&A sites
  3. tRNA lets go of Amino Acid in P Site and tRNA exits the ribosome
  4. Translocation occurs. (Ribosome movement) Ribosome moves down mRNA by 1 codon A Site is empty.
63
Q

2 main functions of DNA

A
  1. Stores genetic info

2. Can be easily copied

64
Q

3 most resistant groups of microbes.

A

Bacterial endospores
Mycobacterium
Cysts of protozoa

65
Q

Importance of refrigeration and freezing in limiting microbial growth.

A

Both inhibit metabolism

66
Q

How is hypertonic solutions used in microbial control.

A

Microorganisms are placed in a high concentration of sugar or salt to remove the water from inside the cell to inhibit cellular metabolism.

67
Q

____ is referred to as ionizing radiation.

A

Gamma Radiation / X-rays

68
Q

____ is referred to as non ionizing radiation.

A

UV Radiation

69
Q

3 functions of ionizing/Gamma radiation.

A

High penetration
Destroys DNA
Used to sterilize medical and dental supplies

70
Q

2 functions of UV radiation

A

Low Penetration

Damages DNA

71
Q

____ denature proteins, dissolve lipids, damage membranes, (kill bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi).

A

Alcohols

72
Q

Why do 70% and 90% alcohols work better than pure alcohols?

A

When mixed with water they denature protein and they stay in contact with the area longer whereas pure alcohol evaporates quickly.

73
Q

4 halogens.

A 
Iodine
Chlorine
Bromine
Fluorine
(Bleach)
74
Q

2 iodophors.

A

Betadine

Isodine

75
Q

____ a halogen that inactivates enzymes and cellular proteins and helps control microbes in pools and drinking water and food utensils.

A

Iodine

76
Q

_____ is a halogen that forms hypochlorus acid in water,, and is found in swimming pools, drinking water, and sewage wastewater treatment.

A

Chlorine

77
Q

What is the action of halogens?

A

Denature protein

78
Q

Peroxides, Ozone, and Peracetic Acid are all ____.

A

Oxidizing Agents

79
Q

What is the function of Oxidizing agents?

A

Denature proteins by oxidation

80
Q

What are some uses of Oxidizing agents?

A

Disinfectants,
Antiseptics for deep wounds
Water purification
sterilization of medical equipment

81
Q

____ decrease tension between molecules on the surface of a liquid. (Soaps & detergents)

A

Surfactants

82
Q

What is the action of Surfactants.

A

Decrease the surface tension of water

Disrupt cell membranes

83
Q

Silver, Mercury, Zinc, Coppper, and Selenium are all ____.

A

Heavy Metals

84
Q

What is the action of heavy metals?

A

Denature proteins.

85
Q

What is the use of copper in microbial control?

A

Acts as an algicide in water reservoirs, swimming pools, and aquariums

86
Q

What is the use of silver in microbial control?

A

Bandaids, surgical instruments etc.

87
Q

____ are the most effective antimicrobials

A

Aldehydes

88
Q

Compare and contrast formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.

A

Formaldehyde: (disinfectant/ embalming fluid) more irritating to mucous membranes, less expensive, is carcinogenic, and used to embalm.
Glutaraldehyde: (disinfect/sterilize medical and dental equipment) less irritating, more expensive, used as 2% solutions in hospitals and dental offices.

89
Q

Advantages & disadvantages of gaseous agents.

A

Advantages: penetrate most materials and kills all microorganisms by denaturation, used on heat-labile materials, and sterilize.
Disadvantages: explosive, poisonous, and potentially carcinogenic

90
Q

____ is the term coined by Paul Ehrlich to describe the use of chemicals to kill pathogens without injuring the host?

A

Chemotherapy

91
Q

____ are chemicals used internally to treat disease?

A

Chemotherapeutics

92
Q

____ is a special group of chemotherapeutics used to treat disease caused by microbes?

A

Antimicrobial Agents

93
Q

____ are chemical substances produced by microorganisms which have the capacity to inhibit the growth of or kill microorganisms.

A

Antibiotics

94
Q

____ are chemical agents made in the lab.

A

Synthetic drugs

95
Q

____ are synthetic precursors given to microorganisms which completes the synthesis of antibiotic with it metabolism.
(partially made by humans & partially made by microbes)

A

Semisynthetic drugs

96
Q

____ was the first antibiotic.

A

Penicillin

97
Q

What marked the beginning of modern medicine?

A

The introduction of penicillin and sulfonamides in the 1930’s.

98
Q

____ is the property of an antimicrobial drug to be toxic to the microbe while being nontoxic to the host.

A

Selective Toxicity

99
Q

Why are there ore antibacterial drugs than antiviral, anti fungal and anti protozoan?

A

Bateria are easier to kill because they are prokaryotic and have a cell wall. Bacteria are extracellular and can kill them without killing host.
To kill viruses you must kill the host cell because viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.
Under 1% of infectious diseases are caused by fungus and protozoan.

100
Q

____ are agents that are effective agains a great number of microorganisms. (bot G+ and G-)

A

Broad Spectrum

101
Q

____ are agents that are effective on a small number of organisms.

A

Narrow Spectrum

102
Q

What is the physical method that would be used to sterilize a heat-sensitive liquid, such as a solution of antibiotic penicillin.

A

Membrane filtration

103
Q

What would be the best way to sterilize a sealed, plastic sleeve of plastic Petri dishes?

A

Gamma Rays

104
Q

Lysol, a disinfectant, is categorized as what type of chemical disinfectants?

A

Phenolic

105
Q

What type of chemical agent is silver nitrate?

A

Heavy Metal

106
Q

A ____ is a disinfectant that “contains” alcohol.

A

Tincture

107
Q

Gamma Radiation sterilizes objects by doing what?

A

Damaging DNA

108
Q

Transcription produces ____ from ____.

A

RNA from DNA

109
Q

Transcription begins where?

A

Promoter sequence on the DNA

110
Q

Replication begins where?

A

Origin of replication on the DNA

111
Q

Translation begins where?

A

AUG codon on the mRNA

112
Q

A point mutation that changes a base in the coding region of the DNA from an amino acid codon into a stop codon is a ____.

A

Nonsense mutation

Microbiology (9 decks)

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