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Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

____ is all of the chemical reactions that occur within a cell.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

____ is the processes that capture and store energy by breaking down complex molecules into simple ones.

A

Catabolism

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3
Q

____ is the processes that use energy to synthesize and assemble the building blocks of cells (simple to complex)

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

____ speed up catabolic reactions in biological systems.

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

____ is a form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen.

A

Anaerobic Respiration

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6
Q

____ is a process by which pyretic acid is subsequently metabolized in the absence of oxygen.

A

Fermentation

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7
Q

___ use inorganic chemical reactions for energy production.

A

Chemoautotrophs

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8
Q

____ use sunlight as a source of energy, and organic compounds as a carbon source. (Chloroflexus)

A

Photoheterotrophs

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9
Q

____ use sunlight and carbon dioxide.

A

Photoautotrophs

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10
Q

____ use organic compounds for energy production. (Pathogenic Organisms)

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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11
Q

____ is the process of energy capture in which a proton gradient is created by means of electron transport and then used to drive the synthesis of ATP.

A

Chemiosmosis

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12
Q

Two types of of ATP synthesis.

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation & Oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

The following 4 steps describes ____. 1. Substrate-level phosphorylation (the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP’s to glucose) 2. Breaking of a six-carbon molecule (glucose) into 2 three carbon molecules 3. The transfer of two electrons to the coenzyme NAD 4. The capture of energy in ATP

A

Glycolysis

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14
Q

The following 3 steps describe _____.1. The oxidation of carbon 2. The transfer of electrons to coenzymes3. Substrate-level energy capture

A

The Krebs Cycle

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15
Q

____ is the process leading to the transfer of electrons from substrate to O2, begins during one of the energy-releasing dehydrogenation reactions of catabolism.

A

Electron transport

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16
Q

____ & ____ are the two types of processes that make up Metabolism.

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

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17
Q

____ is the loss of electrons.

A

Oxidation

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18
Q

_____ is the gain of electrons

A

Reduction

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19
Q

____ are proteins that work in metabolism by lowering the energy of activation.

A

Enzymes

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20
Q

____ are three dimensionally shaped with active sites so a substrate may bind.

A

Enzyme

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21
Q

Define activation energy:

A

The energy required to start a reaction

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22
Q

____ is the protein portion of an enzyme.

A

Apoenzyme

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23
Q

____ is a portion of an enzyme that is usually an inorganic molecule or a mineral that improves the fit of the enzyme with its substrate.

A

Cofactor

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24
Q

____ is a nonprotein organic molecule or vitamin that is bound to an enzyme.

A

Coenzyme

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25
Q

____ is the region where an enzyme binds to its substrate.

A

Active Site

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26
Q

____ is the substance in which the enzyme binds to/acts on.

A

Substrate

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27
Q

What are the 4 steps of Aerobic Respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Transition
  3. Krebs Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain
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28
Q

____ is a 10 step pathway that converts 6 carbon glucose into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules.

A

Glycolysis

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29
Q

What is the yield of ATP during Glycolysis.

A

2 ATP

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30
Q

What is the yield of ATP during the Krebs Cycle.

A

2 ATP

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31
Q

____ is the breakdown of nutrients.

A

Catabolic Reaction

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32
Q

____ is the addition of the phosphate group.

A

Phosphorylation

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33
Q

____ is the loss of electrons

A

Oxidation

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34
Q

____ is the formation of macromolecules.

A

Anabolic Reaction

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35
Q

____ is the gain of electrons.

A

Reduction

36
Q

____ generally exhibit a high degree of specificity for one particular substrate.

A

Enzymes

37
Q

____ is the principal energy-exchange molecule in living cells.

A

ATP

38
Q

____ produces acids, gases and alcohol, occurs in the absence of oxygen, starts with the breakdown of pyretic acid, and occurs following glycolysis and produces NAD.

A

Fermentation

39
Q

During aerobic respiration most of the energy is produced by what?

A

Fermentation

40
Q

What are the 3 typical end products from complete aerobic respiration?

A
  1. CO2
  2. Water
  3. ATP
41
Q

____ is ATP production from a proton gradient across the plasma membrane.

A

Chemiosmosis

42
Q

____ is the pathway that begins the breakdown of glucose.

A

Glycolysis

43
Q

___ includes flavoprotiens, cytochromes, and quinones.

A

ETC

44
Q

___ is the anaerobic pathway that uses and organic final electron acceptor.

A

Fermentation

45
Q

____ is the pathway that uses light, carbon dioxide, and chlorophyll to produce carbs.

A

Photosynthesis

46
Q

____ is also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or the citric acid cycle.

A

Krebs Cycle

47
Q

In nature, microorganisms usually exist how?

A

As biofilms

48
Q

____ are groups of different microbes organized into layers on a surface.

A

Biofilms

49
Q

In the lab, organisms are studies as what?

A

Pure Cultures

50
Q

___ refers to increases in the number of cells.

A

Growth

51
Q

____ occurs when a cell duplicates its components and divides into 2 cells.

A

Binary fission

52
Q

____ is the amount of time it takes for a population to douple.

A

Doubling time or Generation Time

53
Q

What are the 4 phases of growth.

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Log phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Death phase
54
Q

____ is the phase when bacteria are synthesizing macromolecules needed for growth.

A

Lag Phase

55
Q

____ is the phase when cells divide at most rapid rate.

A

Log Phase

56
Q

____ is the phase after bacteria stop growing in that new cells are produced at the same rate as old cells die.

A

Stationary Phase

57
Q

____ is the phase when the number of viable cells decrease at a constant rate.

A

Death Phase

58
Q

____ is considered most bacteria with a pH of 5-8.

A

Neutrophile

59
Q

____ is bacteria that grow best with a pH less that 5.5 and live in dry acid soils.

A

Acidophiles

60
Q

____ is bacteria that grow best with a pH greater that 8.5 and live in alkaline lakes and soils.

A

Alkalinophiles

61
Q

____ is a microorganism that is known as cold loving and lives in -5 degrees C and 15 degrees C.

A

Psychrophiles

62
Q

____ are microorganisms that live around 0 degrees C up to 30 degrees C. (Grow in refrigerated food.)

A

Psychrotrophs

63
Q

____ are microorganisms that live best around 37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F.

A

Mesophiles

64
Q

____ are microorganisms that are known as heat loving and live between 45 degrees C and 70 degrees C.

A

Thermophiles

65
Q

____ are microorganisms that are considered to be extreme and live in temperatures between 70 degrees C and 110 degrees C.

A

Hyperthermophiles

66
Q

____ is the lowest temperature at which cells can divide.

A

Minimum growth temperature

67
Q

____ is the highest temperature at which cells can divided.

A

Maximum growth temperature

68
Q

____ is the temperature at which cells divide most rapidly, having the shortest generation time.

A

Optimum growth temperature

69
Q

_____ means a microorganism can grow in relatively high sugar solution

A

Osmotolerant

70
Q

A ____ is a microorganism requires high salt to grow.

A

Obligate Halophile

71
Q

A ____ is a microorganism that doesn’t require high salt, but can tolerate salt up to 2%.

A

Facultative Halophile

72
Q

A ____ is a microorganism that likes dryness.

A

Xerophiles

73
Q

____ breaks down hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2

A

Catalase

74
Q

____ breaks down Superoxide anion.

A

SOD (Superoxide dismutase)

75
Q

___ lack catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)

A

Obligate Anaerobes

76
Q

-phile means.

A

Specific

77
Q

Difference in Obligate and Facultative.

A

Obligate is associated with one specific thing

Facultative is flexible and can be associated with different things.

78
Q

____ grows with or without oxygen. (Anaerobic only)

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

79
Q

___ must have abundant oxygen

A

Obligate aerobes

80
Q

____likes carbon dioxide

A

Capnophile

81
Q

____ needs a small amount of oxygen.

A

Microaerophile

82
Q

____ grows with or without oxygen. (Aerobic or Anaerobic)

A

Facultative anaerobes

83
Q

____ is killed by oxygen.

A

Obligate anaerobe

84
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation produces how many ATP/glucose?

A

34 ATP/glucose

85
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation produces how many ATP/glucose?

A

4 ATP/glucose

86
Q

Aerobic respiration produces how many ATP/glucose?

A

38 ATP/glucose

87
Q

Define biofilm.

A

A layer of one or more kinds of bacteria growing on a surface

Microbiology (9 decks)

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