Exam 2 Flashcards
____ is all of the chemical reactions that occur within a cell.
Metabolism
____ is the processes that capture and store energy by breaking down complex molecules into simple ones.
Catabolism
____ is the processes that use energy to synthesize and assemble the building blocks of cells (simple to complex)
Anabolism
____ speed up catabolic reactions in biological systems.
Enzymes
____ is a form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration
____ is a process by which pyretic acid is subsequently metabolized in the absence of oxygen.
Fermentation
___ use inorganic chemical reactions for energy production.
Chemoautotrophs
____ use sunlight as a source of energy, and organic compounds as a carbon source. (Chloroflexus)
Photoheterotrophs
____ use sunlight and carbon dioxide.
Photoautotrophs
____ use organic compounds for energy production. (Pathogenic Organisms)
Chemoheterotrophs
____ is the process of energy capture in which a proton gradient is created by means of electron transport and then used to drive the synthesis of ATP.
Chemiosmosis
Two types of of ATP synthesis.
Substrate-level phosphorylation & Oxidative phosphorylation
The following 4 steps describes ____. 1. Substrate-level phosphorylation (the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP’s to glucose) 2. Breaking of a six-carbon molecule (glucose) into 2 three carbon molecules 3. The transfer of two electrons to the coenzyme NAD 4. The capture of energy in ATP
Glycolysis
The following 3 steps describe _____.1. The oxidation of carbon 2. The transfer of electrons to coenzymes3. Substrate-level energy capture
The Krebs Cycle
____ is the process leading to the transfer of electrons from substrate to O2, begins during one of the energy-releasing dehydrogenation reactions of catabolism.
Electron transport
____ & ____ are the two types of processes that make up Metabolism.
Catabolism
Anabolism
____ is the loss of electrons.
Oxidation
_____ is the gain of electrons
Reduction
____ are proteins that work in metabolism by lowering the energy of activation.
Enzymes
____ are three dimensionally shaped with active sites so a substrate may bind.
Enzyme
Define activation energy:
The energy required to start a reaction
____ is the protein portion of an enzyme.
Apoenzyme
____ is a portion of an enzyme that is usually an inorganic molecule or a mineral that improves the fit of the enzyme with its substrate.
Cofactor
____ is a nonprotein organic molecule or vitamin that is bound to an enzyme.
Coenzyme
____ is the region where an enzyme binds to its substrate.
Active Site
____ is the substance in which the enzyme binds to/acts on.
Substrate
What are the 4 steps of Aerobic Respiration?
- Glycolysis
- Transition
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
____ is a 10 step pathway that converts 6 carbon glucose into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules.
Glycolysis
What is the yield of ATP during Glycolysis.
2 ATP
What is the yield of ATP during the Krebs Cycle.
2 ATP
____ is the breakdown of nutrients.
Catabolic Reaction
____ is the addition of the phosphate group.
Phosphorylation
____ is the loss of electrons
Oxidation
____ is the formation of macromolecules.
Anabolic Reaction
____ is the gain of electrons.
Reduction
____ generally exhibit a high degree of specificity for one particular substrate.
Enzymes
____ is the principal energy-exchange molecule in living cells.
ATP
____ produces acids, gases and alcohol, occurs in the absence of oxygen, starts with the breakdown of pyretic acid, and occurs following glycolysis and produces NAD.
Fermentation
During aerobic respiration most of the energy is produced by what?
Fermentation
What are the 3 typical end products from complete aerobic respiration?
- CO2
- Water
- ATP
____ is ATP production from a proton gradient across the plasma membrane.
Chemiosmosis
____ is the pathway that begins the breakdown of glucose.
Glycolysis
___ includes flavoprotiens, cytochromes, and quinones.
ETC
___ is the anaerobic pathway that uses and organic final electron acceptor.
Fermentation
____ is the pathway that uses light, carbon dioxide, and chlorophyll to produce carbs.
Photosynthesis
____ is also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or the citric acid cycle.
Krebs Cycle
In nature, microorganisms usually exist how?
As biofilms
____ are groups of different microbes organized into layers on a surface.
Biofilms
In the lab, organisms are studies as what?
Pure Cultures
___ refers to increases in the number of cells.
Growth
____ occurs when a cell duplicates its components and divides into 2 cells.
Binary fission
____ is the amount of time it takes for a population to douple.
Doubling time or Generation Time
What are the 4 phases of growth.
- Lag phase
- Log phase
- Stationary phase
- Death phase
____ is the phase when bacteria are synthesizing macromolecules needed for growth.
Lag Phase
____ is the phase when cells divide at most rapid rate.
Log Phase
____ is the phase after bacteria stop growing in that new cells are produced at the same rate as old cells die.
Stationary Phase
____ is the phase when the number of viable cells decrease at a constant rate.
Death Phase
____ is considered most bacteria with a pH of 5-8.
Neutrophile
____ is bacteria that grow best with a pH less that 5.5 and live in dry acid soils.
Acidophiles
____ is bacteria that grow best with a pH greater that 8.5 and live in alkaline lakes and soils.
Alkalinophiles
____ is a microorganism that is known as cold loving and lives in -5 degrees C and 15 degrees C.
Psychrophiles
____ are microorganisms that live around 0 degrees C up to 30 degrees C. (Grow in refrigerated food.)
Psychrotrophs
____ are microorganisms that live best around 37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F.
Mesophiles
____ are microorganisms that are known as heat loving and live between 45 degrees C and 70 degrees C.
Thermophiles
____ are microorganisms that are considered to be extreme and live in temperatures between 70 degrees C and 110 degrees C.
Hyperthermophiles
____ is the lowest temperature at which cells can divide.
Minimum growth temperature
____ is the highest temperature at which cells can divided.
Maximum growth temperature
____ is the temperature at which cells divide most rapidly, having the shortest generation time.
Optimum growth temperature
_____ means a microorganism can grow in relatively high sugar solution
Osmotolerant
A ____ is a microorganism requires high salt to grow.
Obligate Halophile
A ____ is a microorganism that doesn’t require high salt, but can tolerate salt up to 2%.
Facultative Halophile
A ____ is a microorganism that likes dryness.
Xerophiles
____ breaks down hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2
Catalase
____ breaks down Superoxide anion.
SOD (Superoxide dismutase)
___ lack catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Obligate Anaerobes
-phile means.
Specific
Difference in Obligate and Facultative.
Obligate is associated with one specific thing
Facultative is flexible and can be associated with different things.
____ grows with or without oxygen. (Anaerobic only)
Aerotolerant anaerobes
___ must have abundant oxygen
Obligate aerobes
____likes carbon dioxide
Capnophile
____ needs a small amount of oxygen.
Microaerophile
____ grows with or without oxygen. (Aerobic or Anaerobic)
Facultative anaerobes
____ is killed by oxygen.
Obligate anaerobe
Oxidative Phosphorylation produces how many ATP/glucose?
34 ATP/glucose
Substrate-level phosphorylation produces how many ATP/glucose?
4 ATP/glucose
Aerobic respiration produces how many ATP/glucose?
38 ATP/glucose
Define biofilm.
A layer of one or more kinds of bacteria growing on a surface
