Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
functions of blood
A
transportation
regulation
defense
2
Q
blood transportation
A
oxygen and carbon dioxide
nutrients, hormones, waste products
3
Q
blood regulation
A
absorbs heat and distributes throughout body
regulates body pH and fluid levels
4
Q
blood defense
A
protect from infection
transport infection fighting antibodies
forms blood clots
5
Q
blood composition
A
55% plasma
Buffy coat: leukocytes and platelets 1%
erythrocytes: 44 % (red)
6
Q
plasma
A
92% water
7% protein
other solutes
7
Q
proteins in plasma
A
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
regulatory proteins
8
Q
other solutes in plasma
A
electrolytes
nutrients
respiratory gases
waste products
9
Q
erythrocytes (RBC’s) structure
A
small, biconcave disc
- allow gas to be loaded/unloaded
10
Q
erythrocyte characteristics
A
filled with hemoglobin (transport o2 + CO2)
no nucleus or organelles
single file as pass through vessels
11
Q
erythrocyte life cycle
A
form in red bone marrow
circulate in blood stream (120 days)
aged phagocytized in liver, spleen, bone marrow
old broken to make new
heme converted to bilirubin and secreted in bile by liver
12
Q
polycythemia
A
too many erythrocytes in the blood
increase viscosity of blood, strain on heart
13
Q
anemia
A
low levels of erythrocytes or hemoglobin
low blood O2 levels
14
Q
leukocyte (WBC) structure
A
larger than erythrocytes
15
Q
leukocyte characteristics
A
nucleus and organelles
initiate immune response and defend against pathogens
diapedesis and chemotaxis
16
Q
diapedesis
A
WBC leave blood stream and enter tissue
17
Q
chemotaxis
A
WBC attracted to site of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens
18
Q
types of leukocytes
A
granulocyte and agranulocyte
19
Q
granulocytes
A
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
20
Q
neutrophil
A
phagocytizes pathogens
granulocyte
21
Q
eosinophil
A
destroy parasite
allergies
granulocyte
22
Q
basophil
A
promote inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin
granulocyte
23
Q
agranulocytes
A
monocyte
lymphocyte
24
Q
monocyte
A
exit bloodstream and become macrophage
phagocytize pathogen and debris
agranulocyte
25
lymphocyte
reside in lymphatic tissue
coordinate immune response
t call, B cell, natural killer
agranulocyte
25
lymphocyte
reside in lymphatic tissue
coordinate immune response
t call, B cell, natural killer
agranulocyte
26
leukocytosis
High WBC count
infection, inflammation, extreme stress
27
leukopenia
low WBC count
viral or bacterial infection
28
leukemia
cancer in leukocyte forming cells in bone marrow
proliferation of abnormal leukocytes
cancer cells take over bone marrow - slow erythrocytes and platelets - anemia and bleeding
29
platelets (thrombocytes)
cell fragments of megakaryocytes
live 8-10 days
assist in blood clotting
30
blood clots
fibrin (form fibrinogen)
platelets
trapped erythrocytes
31
thrombocytosis
high platelet count
results from disease of blood or bone marrow, cancer, removal of spleen, or an infection
32
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia, overactive spleen
33
what determines blood type
surface antigens
34
how are antibodies formed
against antigens it doesn't have
35
group A antibodies and antigens
anti B - antibodies
A antigen
36
group b antibodies and antigens
anti A - antibodies
b antigen
37
group AB antibodies and antigens
no antibodies
a and B antigens
38
group o antibodies and antigens
anti a and anti b antibodies
no antigens
39
hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)
production of blood's formed element
- erythropoiesis, thrombopoiesis, leukopoiesis
red bone marrow
erythropoietin made by kidney controls erythrocyte production
40
erythropoiesis
formation of red blood cells
41
thrombopoiesis
formation of platelets
42
leukopoiesis
formation of white blood cells
43
how often heart beats
75/minute
108,0000/day
44
average cardiac output
5.25 L/min
45
heart is a dual pump for what?
pulmonary and systemic circuits
46
heart orientation
within mediastinum
lies on diaphragm, posterior to sternum
47
base
posterior and superior surface of heart
48
apex
anterior and inferior, points to left hip
49
3 layers of pericardium
fibrous pericardium
serous (Parietal and visceral)
50
pericardial cavity
contains serous fluid
51
pericardium functions
prevent undesired movement
prevent overfilling of the heart
reduces friction
52
epicardium
visceral layer of serous pericardium
simple squamous epithelium
53
myocardium
cardiac muscle
bulk of the heart wall
54
endocardium
lines chambers and covers valves
simple squamous epithelium
"endothelium"
55
pulmonary circuit
carries blood too and from lungs
right ventricle is the pump
56
systematic circuit
transport blood too and from body tissues
left ventricle is the pump
57
oxygen poor blood
before lungs
58
oxygen rich blood
after lungs
59
right atrium
receiving chamber for oxygen poor blood from systemic circuit
60
right ventricle
pump of the pulmonary circuit
eject oxygen poor blood into pulmonary trunk
61
fossa ovalis
formane ovale during fetal circulation
62
papillary muscles
anchor chord tendineae
63
chordae tendineae
prevent valves from everting
64
left atrium
posterior surface of heart
receive oxygen rich blood from lungs through pulmonary veins
65
left ventricle
form apex and inferior surface of the heart
pump of systemic circuit- oxygen rich blood to aorta
most muscular of the chambers
66
heart valve structure
composed of dense connective tissue
two or three cusps
67
heart valve function
permit passage of blood in one direction
prevent back flow of blood
68
fibrous skeleton of the heart
dense connective tissue between atria and ventricles
69
fibrous skeleton functions
separates atria and ventricles
anchors heart valves
framework for cardiac muscle attachment
70
cardiac muscle tissue structure
short, branched
striated
1-2 nuclei
71
cardiac muscle tissue function
cells joined by intercalated discs
more mitochondria and ATP Tham skeletal muscle
gap junction and desmosomes
72
gap junctions
increase flow of electrical current
73
desmosomes
prevent cardiac muscle from pulling apart
74
Myocardial contractile cell
99% atria and ventricles
75
Myocardial conducting cells
conduction system of the heart
76
conduction system
specialized muscle cells that carry electrical impulses throughout the heart musculature
77
sequence of heartbeat
a. Cardiac rhythm established by sinoatrial node
b. Spreads through internodal pathways
c. Interatrial band connects directly the two atriums
d. Electrical event is trigger for muscle contraction
78
Atrioventricular bundle
goes through interventricular septum them splits in left and right bundle branches
79
Purkinje fibers
additional fibers that spread impulse cells in ventricle
79
Purkinje fibers
additional fibers that spread impulse cells in ventricle
80
cardiac plexus
parasympathetic NS
sympathetic NS
81
parasympathetic NS
emerges from medulla
vagus nerve (CN X)
decrease heart rate
82
sympathetic NS
emerges from thoracic spinal cord
synapses in sympathetic chain ganglia
increases heart rate and force of contraction
83
coronary circulation
brings nutrients and oxygen to the heart wall
inadequate circulation causes heart attack
84
heart failure
progressive weakening of heart
can't pump blood to meet bodies needs
weak ventricles fail to empty - overfill - back into veins
edema (congestion) in tissue outside pulmonary or systemic circuits
85
arteries
transport blood away from the heart
carry oxygen rich blood in systemic circuit
carry oxygen poor blood in pulmonary circuit and umbilical arteries
86
capillaries
smallest blood vessels
location of gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues
87
veins
transport blood towards the heart
carry oxygen poor blood in systemic circuit
carry oxygen rich blood in the pulmonary circuit and umbilical vein
88
tunica intima
simple squamous epithelium called endothelium
89
tunica media
circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers
location of vasodilation and vasoconstriction
90
tunica externa
collagen and elastic fibers
contains vasa vasorum
91
vessel tunics order
endothelium
basement membrane
internal elastic membrane
smooth muscle
external elastic membrane
vasa vasorum
tunica extenra
92
vessels in arteries
thick walls, small lumens
thickest layer is tunica media
93
capillaries
very small lumen (one RBC at a time)
only tunica intimate
allow rapid gas exchange
94
veins
thin wall, large lumens
thickest layer is tunica external
valves
95
elastic arteries
largest arteries
conducting arteries
high elastin content
aorta and major branches
96
conducting arteries
between heart and muscular arteries
97
high elastin content
stretch and recoil to dampen blood pressure changes resulting from contractions of heart
98
aorta and major branches
brachiocephalic
common carotid
subclavian
common iliac arteries
99
muscular arteries
distributing arteries - to body organs
thick tunica media
diameter of lumen changes to regulate blood flow and organs
named arteries in lab
100
muscular arteries
distributing arteries - to body organs
thick tunica media
diameter of lumen changes to regulate blood flow and organs
named arteries in lab
101
paired arteries you don't know
inferior phrenic artery (above trunk)
suprarenal artery (superior kidney)
102
unpaired arteries you don't know
abdominal aorta (abs)
median sacral artery (middle split)
103
arteriole
diameter regulated by local tissue factors
sympathetic nervous system
104
capillaries
smallest vessels
tunica intimate only
gas, nutrient, waste exchange
105
venules
smallest veins
primary location of diapedesis
106
continuous capillary
most common
muscle, skin, thymus, lungs
tight junctions, water transportation
107
fenestrated capillary
small intestine, kidneys, most endocrine glands
pores, nutrient absorption
108
sinusoidal capillary
bone marrow, spleen, liver
intercellular gap, passage of large molecule
109
veins
return blood to heart
blood reservoir
low blood pressure in veins
thinner than arteries
valves - prevent back flow
skeletal muscle contractions pump blood toward heart
110
heart to hand
a. Aortic arch
b. Brachiocephalic trunk
c. Right subclavian artery
d. Axillary artery
e. Brachial artery
f. Radial or ulnar artery
- Radial or ulnar vein
- Brachial vein
- Axillary vein
- Subclavian vein
- Brachiocephalic vein
- Superior vena cava
111
heart to foot
a. Aortic arch
b. Descending aorta
c. Thoracic aorta
d. Abdominal aorta
e. Common iliac arteries
f. External iliac artery
g. Femoral artery
h. Popliteal artery
i. Tibial artery
- Tibial vein
- Popliteal vein
- Femoral vein
- External iliac vein
- Common iliac vein
- Inferior vena cava
112
portal venous system
drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract (apart from the lower section of rectum), spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver.
113
hepatic portal system function
veins that transports blood from the digestive tract to the liver
114
hepatic portal veins
superior mesenteric
splenic
left/right gastroomental
inferior mesenteric
115
prenatal circulation
umbilical cord
ductus venous
formane ovale
ductus arteriosus
116
umbilical cord
two umbilical arteries
one umbilical vein
117
ductus venosus
take blood from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava - away from liver sinusoids
118
foramen ovale
divert blood from right atrium to left
119
ductus arteriosus
divert blood from pulmonary trunk to aortic arch
120
baby blood flow
a. Placenta
b. Umbilical vein
c. Ductus venosus
d. Inferior vena cava
e. Right atrium
f. Right ventricle OR left atrium – left ventricle
g. Out of aorta to body – pulmonary artery
121
postnatal umbilical cord
arteries > medial umbilical ligament
vein > round ligament of liver ligament teres
122
postnatal ductus venosus
ligamentum venosum
123
postnatal foramen ovale
fossa ovalis
124
postnatal ductus arteriosus
ligamentum arteriosum
125
umbilical arteries/vein location
umbilical cord and abdomen
126
umbilical arteries function
carry oxygen poor blood from fetus to placenta
127
umbilical vein function
carry oxygen rich vein from placenta to fetus
128
formanen ovale location
between heart atria
129
ductus arterioles lcoation
between pulmonary trunk and aorta
130
atherosclerosis
progressive disease of elastic and muscular arteries - aorta and coronary arteries
atheroma (fatty plaque) thickening of tunica intima and narrowing of arterial lumen
131
varicose veins
dysfunctional valves leads to blood pooling in superficial limb veins
genetic predisposition again, strain that inhibits venous return
132
lymphatic system components
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic nodules
lymphatic organs
lymphatics cells
133
lymphatic system functions
return leaked plasma to bloodstream
screen lymph for foreign substances (antigens)
house lymphocytes that generate immune response
transport dietary lipids
134
flow of lymph
capillaries
series of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
lymphatic trunks
lymphatic ducts
venous circulation
135
lymphatic capillaries
closed-ended tubes
overlapping endothelial cells form one way flap
occur most everywhere blood capillaries occur
absent from RBM, CNS, avascular tissue
lacteals
136
lacteals
special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine
pick up interstitial fluid, dietary lipid, lipid soluble vitamins
gastrointestinal lymph called chyle
137
lymphatic vessels
receive lymph from lymphatic capillaries
valves prevent back flow in low pressure system
resemble veins with three tunics (intima, media, externa)
afferent and efferent
138
afferent lymphatic vessel
flow towards lymph nodes
139
efferent lymphatic vessel
flow away from lymph nodes
140
open valve
lymph flows foward
141
closed valve
back flow of lymph is prevented
142
lymph nodes anatomy
afferent and efferent vessels
cortex and medulla
macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes
143
lymph nodes functions
screen lymph for foreign antigens
initiate immune response
144
lymph nodes location
axillary
inguinal
cervical
scattered throughout body
145
lymphatic ducts
return lymph to cardiovascular system at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins
146
area drained by right lymphatic duct
right shoulder and arm - breast
147
area drained by thoracic lymphatic duct
everything else
148
thoracic duct
midline
149
cistern chyli
groin
150
lymphedema
edema due to lymph node obstruction
extreme cases: elephantiasis
not operable or curable
151
edema due to lymph node obstruction
surgical removal of nodes, scar tissue within node
malignant tumors of nodes
parasitic infection of nodes
152
primary lymphatic organs
bone marrow
thymus
153
bone marrow
hemocytoblasts create lymphoid stem cells
lymphoid stem cells that differentiate and mature in the bone marrow become B cells and natural killers cells
154
thymus
some lymphoid stem cells migrate to the thymus to mature. these cells become T cells
each lobe of the thymus contains a cortex (immature T cells) and medulla (mature T cells)
155
secondary lymphatic organs structure
lymphatic tissue that ARE surrounded by connective tissue capsule
contain macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes
156
secondary lymphatic organs
lymph nodes
spleen
157
spleen
largest lymphatic organ
upper left quadrant of abdomen
white pulp
red pulp
158
white pulp
contains lymphocytes and macrophages
monitors blood for foreign antigens
initiatie immune response when antigens are found
159
red pulp
functions as blood reservoir
hemolysis (phagocytosis of old erythrocytes and platelets)
remove debris from blood
160
lymphatic nodules structure
oval cluster of lymphatic tissue NOT surround by a connective tissue capsule
contain macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes
161
lymphatic nodules functions
screen for and attack foreign antigens
162
lymphatic nodules locations
tonsils
mucosa- associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
163
lymphatic cells
macrophages and dendritic cells
lymphocytes
164
macrophages and dendritic cells
phagocytosis of foreign substances
antigen presentation to lymphocytes to initiate immune response
165
lymphocytes
most abundant cell type in lymphatic organs and nodule
B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, natural killer cells
migrate through lymphatic system searching for foreign antigens
mount immune response when activated
166
T lymphocytes
cytotoxic T cells
and memory T cells
helper T cells
regulatory T cells
167
activated T cells
cloned and destroy infected cells in the body
168
memory T cells
produced and are activated if this antigen is encountered again
169
helper T cells
orchestrate an effective immune response by secreting cytokines, chemical signals that bind to and activate other immune system cells
170
regulatory T cells
suppress the immune response to keep it under control and turn it off after the infection is over
171
b lymphocytes divide and become
plasma cells and memory B cells
172
plasma cells
produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)
antibodies bind to antigens, tagging them for destruction
173
memory B cells
patrols body after an attack
easily activated if infected again
174
natural killer cells
respond to multiple antigens
each B and T lymphocyte can only respond to a single antigen
kill wide variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells
175
lymphoma
cancer of lymphatic cells
often presented as enlarged lymph node
176
upper respiratory tract
sinus
nasal cavity
pharynx
177
lower respiratory tract
larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
lung alveoli
178
respiratory system functions
pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
gas exchange (external respiration)
gas conditioning (warm, humidify, cleanse air)
sound production
olfaction
defense
179
nasal cavity functions
airway for respiration
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
warm, humidify, clean inhaled air
resonating chamber for speech and sound
houses olfactory receptors
180
pharynx
throat
connect nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
181
3 regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
182
nasopharynx
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
183
oropharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
184
laryngopharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
185
larynx
voice box
provide open airway
epiglottis
vestibular fold
vocal fold
thryoid, cricoid, arytenoid
186
epiglottis
routes air and food
187
vestibular fold (false)
don't produce sound
188
vocal fold (true)
produce sound
189
trachea
c shape hyaline cartilage ring
posterior wall not rigid, muscular
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
muscus producing goblet cells
190
bronchial tree
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
more divisions
bronchioles
191
bronchioles
microscopic
no longer contain cartilage
smooth muscle
192
respiratory membrane diagram
pulmonary capillaries
alveolar type 1 cell
alveolar type 2 cell
alveolar macrophage
alveolar pore
alveolar epithelium
capillary endothelium
193
pulmonary inhalation
inspiration or inhalation
diaphragm contracts
external intercostals, scalenes, others contract
194
pulmonary ventilation
expiration or exhalation
lung elastic recoil
diaphragm passively relaxes
abdominal wall, internal intercostals, others contract
195
external respiration
gas exchange between blood (pulmonary capillaries) and air (alveoli)
O2 diffuses from air into blood
CO2 diffuses from blood into air
196
internal respiration
gas exchange between blood (systemic capillaries) and tissue cell
O2 diffuses from blood into body cells
CO2 diffuses from body cells into blood
197
asthma
airway hypersensitivity leads to inflammation and bronchoconstriction
wheezing, coughing, short breath, excess mucous
treatment: inhaled steroids with bronchodilators
pollen, smoke, mold, dust mites, pollution, pet, exercise, anxiety
198
emphysema
chronic destruction of alveoli and loss of lung elastic tissue
decrease in gas exchange surface area
loss of elastic tissue makes difficult to exhale
old air is trapped in alveoli
caused by smoking
199
GI tract organs
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
200
accessory digestive organs
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
201
digestive processes
ingestion
propulsion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
absorption
defecation
202
ingestion
entry of food through mouth, chewing
203
propulsion
movement of food through digestive tract
swallowing
peristalsis
204
mechanical digestion
chewing, tongue movement, purely physical
chewing
churning
segmentation
205
chemical digestion
start in mouth, break down food molecules , to small intestine
206
absorption
food enters blood stream and nutrients are put to work
207
defecation
undigested materials are removed
208
histology of tissue
serosa
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa
lumen
209
lumen
space in gastrointestinal tract
210
mucosa
epithelial lining closest to lumen, performs secretion and absorption
211
submucosa
vascularized and innervated connective tissue
212
muscularis
inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
213
serosa
visceral peritoneum
214
oral cavity
lips and oral cavity are lined with non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
first site of mechanical and chemical digestion
215
salivary glands
submandibular
parotid
sublingual
autonomic innervation
1.5 L saliva per day
216
submandibular gland
60-70% of saliva production
217
parotid gland
25-30% of saliva production
218
sublingual gland
3-5% of saliva production
219
produce 1.5 L saliva per day
wet and bind food into a bolus
cleans and lubricate oral cavity
kills harmful microorganism
enzymes begin digestion of starch
220
how is saliva regulated
autonomic nervous system
221
primary or deciduous teeth (20)
8 incisors
4 canines
8 molars
222
permanent teeth (32)
8 incisors
4 canines
8 premolars
12 molars
223
tooth anatomy
crown
neck
root
224
pharynx
naso, oro, laryngo
225
nasopharynx
air only
lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
226
oro and laryngo
food and air
stratified squamous epithelium
227
deglutition
voluntary phase
pharyngeal phase
esophageal phase
228
voluntary phase
bolus of food is pushed by tongue against the hard palate and moves toward oropharynx
229
pharyngeal phase
soft palate and uvula close off the nasopharynx
involuntary
larynx and hyoid elevate and epiglottis closes over laryngeal opening
230
esophageal phase
involuntary
peristaltic contractions of esophageal muscle push bolus toward stomach
231
esophagus
muscular tube
peristalsis propels swallowed food to stomach
stratified squamous epithelium
sphincter muscles
232
muscular tube
upper one third: skeletal muscle
middle third: skeletal and smooth
lower: smooth muscle
233
sphincter muscles
superior esophageal sphincter
inferior esophageal sphincter
234
esophagus
esophageal hiatus
reflux esophagitis
235
esophageal hiatus
opening in the diaphragm
236
reflux esophagitis
acidic contents regurgitate into the esophagus
237
stomach functions
storage of food
mechanical digestion: churn food with gastric juice
chemical digestion: initiate protein digestion
limited absorption
238
histology of the stomach wall
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
239
surface mucous cell
secretes mucin to protect the stomach wall
240
parietal cell
secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
241
chief cell
secretes pepsinogen
242
enteroendocrine cell
secretes gastrin into the bloodstream
243
peptic ulcers
erosion of stomach or duodenal mucosa
majority of cases or associated with bacterium helicobacter pylori
perforating ulcer
244
small intestine functions
chemical digestion
digestive enzymes from pancreas
bile from liver emulsifies fat so it can be chemically digested
nutrient absorption
245
small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
large intestine
rectum
246
anatomy of small intestine
subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
lined with simple columnar epithelium
suspended by the mesentery proper
247
duodenum anatomy
accessory pancreatic duct
minor duodenal papilla
common bile duct
main pancreatic duct
major duodenal papilla
longitudinal layer
circular layer
submucosa
248
modifications for absorption folds
circular folds - place circulares (macroscopic)
249
modifications for absorption villi
villi (microscopic)
covered with simple columnar epithelium
blood vessels and lacteals found internally
250
modifications for absorption microvilli
on the apical surface of villar cells
collectively called the brush border
contain brush border enzymes
251
inguinal hernia
intestines push through inguinal canal
more common in males
252
umbilical hernia
intestine push through the rectus abdomens
253
large intestine function
absorb water and electrolytes
forces feces toward rectum
254
large intestine anatomy
lined with simple columnar epithelium
teniae coli
haustra
epiploic appendages
mesocolon
255
rectum and anal canal
rectal valves
internal anal sphincter
external anal sphincter
anal sinuses
256
rectal valves
transverse folds
separate feces from gas
257
internal anal sphincter
smooth muscle
involuntary
controlled by ANS
258
external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle
voluntary
controlled by somatic nervous system
259
anal sinuses
produce mucus to lubricate anal canal
260
inflammatory bowel disease
periodic inflammation of intestinal wall
symptoms include cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding
261
accessory digestive organs
pancreas, liver, gallbladder
no part of GI tract, part of digestive tract because they secrete substances In GI tract to facilitate digestion
262
pancreas exocrine functions
acinar cells produce digestive enzymes and secrete them through pancreatic ducts
263
pancreas endocrine functions
pancreatic islets produce the hormones insulin and glucagon
264
liver blood functions
storage of excess blood nutrients
detoxification of poisons, metabolites, drugs
clean debris and old RBCs
production of blood proteins
265
blood proteins
albumin
globulins
blood clotting proteins
266
liver histology
hepatocytes
hepatic sinusoids
bile canaliculi and ducts
267
gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile
268
biliary tract
carries bile to the duodenum
269
gallstones
crystallization of cholesterol or calcium and bile salts
270
mesenteries
double layer fold of peritoneum that suspend and support intraperitoneal organs
greater/lesser omentum
mesentery proper
neocolon
