Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Anatomy Final > Flashcards

Anatomy Final Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system organs

A

kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

urinary organ functions

A

remove waste from bloodstream
storage and excretion of urine
regulation of blood pressure and volume
secretion of erythropoietin
regulation of erythrocyte production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

kidney anatomy

A

bean- shaped, reddish brown
surrounded and suspended by fat
left kidney is 2cm superior to right kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

kidney anatomy location

A

retroperitoneal, against posterior body wall
high in abdominal cavity
partially protected by the 11th and 12th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

renal hilum

A

central curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

interlobular artery

A

small up top artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

arcuate artery

A

arch in cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

interlobar artery

A

column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

segmental artery

A

big going to interlobar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

renal blood flow

A

renal artery divides
segmental arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries
afferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney
1 million in each kidney
cortical and Juxtamedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus
glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

renal tubule

A

Proximal/ Distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

where an afferent arteriole and a distal convoluted tubule touch
macula dense cells and juxtaglomerular cells cooperate to regulate blood volume and pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

urine formation

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

very active at reabsorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water
simple cuboidal epithelium with a lot of microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nephron loop

A

reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions
variable (regulated) reabsorption of sodium
simple cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

collecting duct

A

variable (regulated) reabsorption of water
fluid leaving this duct is called urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

flow of urine

A

collecting duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ureters

A

retroperitoneal
urine in the renal pelvis causes peristaltic waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ureter wall of 3 layers

A

mucosa - transitional epithelium
muscularis - longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layer
adventitia - connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

urinary bladder

A

collapsible muscular sac
immediately posterior to symphysis pubis
stores and expels urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

trigone

A

funnels urine into urethra as the bladder contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

4 layers of bladder

A

muscosa
submucosa - dense irregular connective tissue
muscularis - detrusor muscle
adventitia - areolar connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

urethra

A

fibromuscular tube lined with mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

thickening of detrusor muscle
smooth muscle
involuntary
controlled by ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

portion of urogenital diaphragm
skeletal muscle
voluntary
controlled by somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

male urethra 3 regions

A

prostatic
membranous
spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

micturition (urination)

A

controlled by centers in the pons and sacral spinal cord
parasympathetic division stimulates it
sympathetic division inhibits it
micturition reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

micturition reflex

A

stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated
internal and external urethral sphincters relax
detrusor and abdominal muscles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

urethritis

A

inflammation in urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation in bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation in kidney
dysuria, urgency, fever, nausea, back pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

urinary incontinence

A

inability to control the expulsion of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

urolithiasis (kidney stones)

A

causes - inadequate fluid intake and diet
small stones can be asymptomatic and easily passed
larger stones can become stuck in the urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

gonads (primary sex organs)

A

female: ovaries
male: testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

gonad functions

A

produce sex cells (gametes)
produce sex hormones
affect maturation, development, activity of reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

puberty

A

hypothalamus increases secretion of GnRH
stimulates release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from anterior pituitary
stimulate gonads to produce sex hormones
increased sex hormones start process of gamete maturation and sexual maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

perineum

A

diamond shaped area
urogenital triangle and anal triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

ovaries

A

tunica albuginea
ovarian cortex - follicles
ovarian medulla - loose connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

oogenesis

A

maturation of primary oocyte to secondary oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

folliculogenesis

A

primordial follicle > primary > secondary > mature follicle > ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

follicular phase

A

FSH and LH stimulate final maturation of follicle and oocyte
days (1-13)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

ovulation

A

LH surge causes expulsion of oocyte from ovary
day 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

luteal phase

A

remaining follicular cells turn into corpus luteum
corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone preparing uterus for possible implantation
corpus luteum breaks down into a white scar called corpus albicans
decrease in hormone release leads to menstruation
(days 15-28)

47
Q

uterine tube regions

A

infundibulum and fimbriae
ampulla - most common site of fertilization
isthmus

48
Q

layers of the uterine tube wall

A

mucosa - ciliated simple columnar epithelium
muscularis
serosa

49
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation outside of the uterus

50
Q

tubal pregnancy

A

fertilized oocyte implants in the uterine tube
uterine tube is unable to expand as embryo grows
embryo cannot survive past week 8

51
Q

uterus location

A

posterior and superior to the bladder

52
Q

uterus functions

A

site of implantation
support, protect, nourish the embryo and fetus

53
Q

cervical cancer risk

A

human papilloma virus infection
HIV infection
increased age

54
Q

papanicolaou smear

A

test to detect cervical cancer

55
Q

cervical cancer treatment

A

cone biopsy
hysterectomy

56
Q

uterine wall 3 layers

A

perimetric - serosa
myometrium - muscularis, 3 smooth muscle layers
endometrium - mucosa with 2 layers

57
Q

mucosa 2 layers

A

stratum fumctionalis - functional layer, shed as menses
stratum basalts - basal layer

58
Q

menstrual phase (1-5)

A

functional layer sloughed

59
Q

proliferation phase (6-14)

A

development of functional layer

60
Q

secretory phase (15-28)

A

further vascularization of the functional layer
further development of uterine glands

61
Q

endometriosis

A

endometrium is displaced onto external surface of organs within the abdominal cavity
displaced endometrium still grows in response to hormones - menses can’t be shed and expelled out of vagina
the displaced endometrium causes pain and scarring
treat with hormones or surgery

62
Q

vagina anatomy

A

fibromuscular tube
distensible wall

63
Q

vagina function

A

birth canal
receive penis during intercourse
passageway for menstruation

64
Q

mammary glands

A

prolactin - create milk
oxytocin - eject milk

65
Q

lobes and lactiferous ducts

A

10-20 per breast

66
Q

scrotum function

A

provide cooler temperature needed for sperm production

67
Q

scrotum anatomy

A

raphe
median septum
dartos muscle
cremaster muscle

68
Q

spermatic cord location

A

connective tissue tube that runs through the inguinal canal

69
Q

spermatic cord contents

A

cremaster muscle
ductus deferens
testicular nerve
testicular vessels

70
Q

testes function

A

produce sperm and androgen (testosterone)

71
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

sustentacular cells
interstitial cells
location of spermatogenesis

72
Q

sustentacular cells (sertoli)

A

within the wall of seminiferous tubules
assist with sperm development

73
Q

interstitial cells

A

between seminiferous tubules
produce androgens

74
Q

spermatogenesis

A

begin at puberty
occur in seminiferous tubules
controlled by FSH and testosterone
100-200 million sperm each day
become motile in the epididymis

75
Q

epididymis

A

sperm are stored in the tail of the epididymis

76
Q

ductus vas deferens

A

wall contains mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia layers

77
Q

urethra

A

prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra

78
Q

seminal vesicles

A

fructose - nourish sperm
prostaglandins - widen cervix
bicarbonate - neutralize vaginal acid

79
Q

prostate gland

A

citric acid - nutrient for sperm
seminalplasmin - antibiotic that combats UTI in males
prostate specific antigen

80
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

mucus - coat urethra, lubricant for sexual intercourse

81
Q

semen

A

seminal fluid from the accessory glands combine with sperm from epididymis to make semen

82
Q

when released during intercourse.. same is called

A

ejaculate
1 teaspoon of fluid and 200-500 million sperm

83
Q

prostate cancer

A

risk increases with age
detected by digital rectal exam, transrectal ultrasound, PSA test

84
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

noncancerous enlargement of prostate
very common

85
Q

erection

A

blood fills the erectile tissues
deep arteries dilate
blood trapped in erectile tissues by compression of veins
under parasympathetic control

86
Q

ejaculation

A

smooth muscle contraction in the epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate, seminal glands
expulsion of semen
sympathetic control

87
Q

prepuse

A

skin covering glans
removed during circumcision

88
Q

contraception

A

abstinence
rhythm method
barrier methods
surgical methods

89
Q

vasectomy

A

vas deferens are cut and tied

90
Q

tubal ligation

A

uterine tubes are cut and tied

91
Q

hormonal methods

A

oral contraceptive
patch, implant, injection
ring
after pill

92
Q

intrauterine device

A

implanted T shaped device that may prevent fertilization and/or implantation

93
Q

sperm capacitation

A

period of sperm condition in female reproductive tract
prepares the acrosome for fertilization
increases sperm motility

94
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

uterine tube

95
Q

3 phases of fertilization

A
  1. corona radiate penetration
  2. acrosome reaction and zone pellucid penetration
  3. fusion of sperm an oocyte plasma membrane and pronuclei
96
Q

pre- embryonic period

A

weeks 1-2

97
Q

implantation

A

7 days after fertilization
trophoblast subdivides
- cytotrophopblast
- syncytiotrophoblast
burrows into the stratum functionalist of the endometrium
produce human chorionic gonadotrophin

98
Q

placenta function

A

exchange nutrients - respiratory gases, waste products ,and antibodies
production of estrogen and progesterone

99
Q

placenta anatomy

A

formed from maternal tissues (stratum functionals and fetal tissues (Chorion))
chorionic villi immersed in a pool of maternal blood
mother and baby’s blood do not mix

100
Q

embryonic period (weeks 3-8)

A

primitive streak forms
gastrulation
body folding
neurulation
limb buds form
organogenesis

101
Q

sexual differentiation

A

no difference in males and females before week 5 of development
embryos initially contain indifferent gonads and two duct systems
paramesonephric ducts - females
mesonephric ducts - males

102
Q

internal female development

A

gonads differentiate into ovaries
paramesonnephric ducts form the uterine tubes and uterus
mesonephric ducts degenerate

103
Q

internal male development

A

gonads differentiate into testes
paramesonephric ducts degenerate
mesonephric ducts form the male duct system and seminal vesicles
testes descend into scrotum

104
Q

ovaries/testes

A

produce gametes and sex hormones

105
Q

clitoris/glans of penis

A

contain autonomic nervous system axons that stimulate feelings of arousal and sexual climax

106
Q

labia major/scrotum

A

protect and cover reproductive structures

107
Q

vestibular glands/bulbourethral glands

A

secrete muscus for lubrication

108
Q

fetal period 9-38

A

growth and maturation of existing organs
bones ossify
reproductive organs develop
brain enlarges
limbs grow
organ system becomes functional
baby movement begins
baby gains weight

109
Q

late pregnancy

A

gestation lasts 38 weeks from conception - 40 weeks from last menstrual period
uterus expands - 20 times larger than normal
breasts enlarge and develop ability to produce milk

110
Q

uterus myometrium

A

becomes more active during last trimester, mild contractions may occur

111
Q

stages of labor

A

cervical dilation
expulsion
placental

112
Q

cervical dilation

A

begins with first regular contractions and ends when cervix is fully dilated
longest state

113
Q

expulsion

A

lasts from full dilation to delivery of the baby

114
Q

placental

A

eliminates the placenta
accomplished within 15-30 minutes after birth of infant

Anatomy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions