Anatomy Final Flashcards
1
Q
urinary system organs
A
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
2
Q
urinary organ functions
A
remove waste from bloodstream
storage and excretion of urine
regulation of blood pressure and volume
secretion of erythropoietin
regulation of erythrocyte production
3
Q
kidney anatomy
A
bean- shaped, reddish brown
surrounded and suspended by fat
left kidney is 2cm superior to right kidney
4
Q
kidney anatomy location
A
retroperitoneal, against posterior body wall
high in abdominal cavity
partially protected by the 11th and 12th
5
Q
renal hilum
A
central curve
6
Q
interlobular artery
A
small up top artery
7
Q
arcuate artery
A
arch in cortex
8
Q
interlobar artery
A
column
9
Q
segmental artery
A
big going to interlobar
10
Q
renal blood flow
A
renal artery divides
segmental arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries
afferent arterioles
11
Q
Nephron
A
functional unit of the kidney
1 million in each kidney
cortical and Juxtamedullary
12
Q
renal corpuscle
A
glomerulus
glomerular capsule
13
Q
renal tubule
A
Proximal/ Distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
14
Q
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
A
where an afferent arteriole and a distal convoluted tubule touch
macula dense cells and juxtaglomerular cells cooperate to regulate blood volume and pressure
15
Q
urine formation
A
filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion
16
Q
proximal convoluted tubule
A
very active at reabsorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water
simple cuboidal epithelium with a lot of microvilli
17
Q
nephron loop
A
reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water
18
Q
distal convoluted tubule
A
secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions
variable (regulated) reabsorption of sodium
simple cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli
19
Q
collecting duct
A
variable (regulated) reabsorption of water
fluid leaving this duct is called urine
20
Q
flow of urine
A
collecting duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
21
Q
ureters
A
retroperitoneal
urine in the renal pelvis causes peristaltic waves
22
Q
ureter wall of 3 layers
A
mucosa - transitional epithelium
muscularis - longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layer
adventitia - connective tissue
23
Q
urinary bladder
A
collapsible muscular sac
immediately posterior to symphysis pubis
stores and expels urine
24
Q
trigone
A
funnels urine into urethra as the bladder contracts
25
4 layers of bladder
muscosa
submucosa - dense irregular connective tissue
muscularis - detrusor muscle
adventitia - areolar connective tissue
26
urethra
fibromuscular tube lined with mucous membrane
27
internal urethral sphincter
thickening of detrusor muscle
smooth muscle
involuntary
controlled by ANS
28
external urethral sphincter
portion of urogenital diaphragm
skeletal muscle
voluntary
controlled by somatic nervous system
29
male urethra 3 regions
prostatic
membranous
spongy
30
micturition (urination)
controlled by centers in the pons and sacral spinal cord
parasympathetic division stimulates it
sympathetic division inhibits it
micturition reflex
31
micturition reflex
stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated
internal and external urethral sphincters relax
detrusor and abdominal muscles contract
32
urethritis
inflammation in urethra
33
cystitis
inflammation in bladder
34
pyelonephritis
inflammation in kidney
dysuria, urgency, fever, nausea, back pain
35
urinary incontinence
inability to control the expulsion of urine
36
urolithiasis (kidney stones)
causes - inadequate fluid intake and diet
small stones can be asymptomatic and easily passed
larger stones can become stuck in the urinary tract
37
gonads (primary sex organs)
female: ovaries
male: testes
38
gonad functions
produce sex cells (gametes)
produce sex hormones
affect maturation, development, activity of reproductive system
39
puberty
hypothalamus increases secretion of GnRH
stimulates release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from anterior pituitary
stimulate gonads to produce sex hormones
increased sex hormones start process of gamete maturation and sexual maturation
40
perineum
diamond shaped area
urogenital triangle and anal triangle
41
ovaries
tunica albuginea
ovarian cortex - follicles
ovarian medulla - loose connective tissue
42
oogenesis
maturation of primary oocyte to secondary oocyte
43
folliculogenesis
primordial follicle > primary > secondary > mature follicle > ovulation
44
follicular phase
FSH and LH stimulate final maturation of follicle and oocyte
days (1-13)
45
ovulation
LH surge causes expulsion of oocyte from ovary
day 14
46
luteal phase
remaining follicular cells turn into corpus luteum
corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone preparing uterus for possible implantation
corpus luteum breaks down into a white scar called corpus albicans
decrease in hormone release leads to menstruation
(days 15-28)
47
uterine tube regions
infundibulum and fimbriae
ampulla - most common site of fertilization
isthmus
48
layers of the uterine tube wall
mucosa - ciliated simple columnar epithelium
muscularis
serosa
49
ectopic pregnancy
implantation outside of the uterus
50
tubal pregnancy
fertilized oocyte implants in the uterine tube
uterine tube is unable to expand as embryo grows
embryo cannot survive past week 8
51
uterus location
posterior and superior to the bladder
52
uterus functions
site of implantation
support, protect, nourish the embryo and fetus
53
cervical cancer risk
human papilloma virus infection
HIV infection
increased age
54
papanicolaou smear
test to detect cervical cancer
55
cervical cancer treatment
cone biopsy
hysterectomy
56
uterine wall 3 layers
perimetric - serosa
myometrium - muscularis, 3 smooth muscle layers
endometrium - mucosa with 2 layers
57
mucosa 2 layers
stratum fumctionalis - functional layer, shed as menses
stratum basalts - basal layer
58
menstrual phase (1-5)
functional layer sloughed
59
proliferation phase (6-14)
development of functional layer
60
secretory phase (15-28)
further vascularization of the functional layer
further development of uterine glands
61
endometriosis
endometrium is displaced onto external surface of organs within the abdominal cavity
displaced endometrium still grows in response to hormones - menses can't be shed and expelled out of vagina
the displaced endometrium causes pain and scarring
treat with hormones or surgery
62
vagina anatomy
fibromuscular tube
distensible wall
63
vagina function
birth canal
receive penis during intercourse
passageway for menstruation
64
mammary glands
prolactin - create milk
oxytocin - eject milk
65
lobes and lactiferous ducts
10-20 per breast
66
scrotum function
provide cooler temperature needed for sperm production
67
scrotum anatomy
raphe
median septum
dartos muscle
cremaster muscle
68
spermatic cord location
connective tissue tube that runs through the inguinal canal
69
spermatic cord contents
cremaster muscle
ductus deferens
testicular nerve
testicular vessels
70
testes function
produce sperm and androgen (testosterone)
71
seminiferous tubules
sustentacular cells
interstitial cells
location of spermatogenesis
72
sustentacular cells (sertoli)
within the wall of seminiferous tubules
assist with sperm development
73
interstitial cells
between seminiferous tubules
produce androgens
74
spermatogenesis
begin at puberty
occur in seminiferous tubules
controlled by FSH and testosterone
100-200 million sperm each day
become motile in the epididymis
75
epididymis
sperm are stored in the tail of the epididymis
76
ductus vas deferens
wall contains mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia layers
77
urethra
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
78
seminal vesicles
fructose - nourish sperm
prostaglandins - widen cervix
bicarbonate - neutralize vaginal acid
79
prostate gland
citric acid - nutrient for sperm
seminalplasmin - antibiotic that combats UTI in males
prostate specific antigen
80
bulbourethral gland
mucus - coat urethra, lubricant for sexual intercourse
81
semen
seminal fluid from the accessory glands combine with sperm from epididymis to make semen
82
when released during intercourse.. same is called
ejaculate
1 teaspoon of fluid and 200-500 million sperm
83
prostate cancer
risk increases with age
detected by digital rectal exam, transrectal ultrasound, PSA test
84
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
noncancerous enlargement of prostate
very common
85
erection
blood fills the erectile tissues
deep arteries dilate
blood trapped in erectile tissues by compression of veins
under parasympathetic control
86
ejaculation
smooth muscle contraction in the epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate, seminal glands
expulsion of semen
sympathetic control
87
prepuse
skin covering glans
removed during circumcision
88
contraception
abstinence
rhythm method
barrier methods
surgical methods
89
vasectomy
vas deferens are cut and tied
90
tubal ligation
uterine tubes are cut and tied
91
hormonal methods
oral contraceptive
patch, implant, injection
ring
after pill
92
intrauterine device
implanted T shaped device that may prevent fertilization and/or implantation
93
sperm capacitation
period of sperm condition in female reproductive tract
prepares the acrosome for fertilization
increases sperm motility
94
where does fertilization occur
uterine tube
95
3 phases of fertilization
1. corona radiate penetration
2. acrosome reaction and zone pellucid penetration
3. fusion of sperm an oocyte plasma membrane and pronuclei
96
pre- embryonic period
weeks 1-2
97
implantation
7 days after fertilization
trophoblast subdivides
- cytotrophopblast
- syncytiotrophoblast
burrows into the stratum functionalist of the endometrium
produce human chorionic gonadotrophin
98
placenta function
exchange nutrients - respiratory gases, waste products ,and antibodies
production of estrogen and progesterone
99
placenta anatomy
formed from maternal tissues (stratum functionals and fetal tissues (Chorion))
chorionic villi immersed in a pool of maternal blood
mother and baby's blood do not mix
100
embryonic period (weeks 3-8)
primitive streak forms
gastrulation
body folding
neurulation
limb buds form
organogenesis
101
sexual differentiation
no difference in males and females before week 5 of development
embryos initially contain indifferent gonads and two duct systems
paramesonephric ducts - females
mesonephric ducts - males
102
internal female development
gonads differentiate into ovaries
paramesonnephric ducts form the uterine tubes and uterus
mesonephric ducts degenerate
103
internal male development
gonads differentiate into testes
paramesonephric ducts degenerate
mesonephric ducts form the male duct system and seminal vesicles
testes descend into scrotum
104
ovaries/testes
produce gametes and sex hormones
105
clitoris/glans of penis
contain autonomic nervous system axons that stimulate feelings of arousal and sexual climax
106
labia major/scrotum
protect and cover reproductive structures
107
vestibular glands/bulbourethral glands
secrete muscus for lubrication
108
fetal period 9-38
growth and maturation of existing organs
bones ossify
reproductive organs develop
brain enlarges
limbs grow
organ system becomes functional
baby movement begins
baby gains weight
109
late pregnancy
gestation lasts 38 weeks from conception - 40 weeks from last menstrual period
uterus expands - 20 times larger than normal
breasts enlarge and develop ability to produce milk
110
uterus myometrium
becomes more active during last trimester, mild contractions may occur
111
stages of labor
cervical dilation
expulsion
placental
112
cervical dilation
begins with first regular contractions and ends when cervix is fully dilated
longest state
113
expulsion
lasts from full dilation to delivery of the baby
114
placental
eliminates the placenta
accomplished within 15-30 minutes after birth of infant
