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Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

Properties of Muscle tissue

A

excitability
contractility
elasticity
extensibility

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3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

move the skeleton
visible just under the skin
cylindrical shape
multinucleate
from fusion of myoblast
innervated at neuromuscular junction
striated
voluntary
vascular

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4
Q

cardiac muscle

A

in the heart myocaridum

y shape/ branch fiber
uninucleate/binucleate
intercalated disc
striated
auto rhythmic
involuntary

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5
Q

smooth muscle

A

in internal organs
involuntary
fusion shape
uninucleate
no striation
fatigue resistant

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6
Q

excitability

A

change electrical state and send electrical wave or impulse along membrane

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7
Q

contractibility

A

pull attachment points, shorten with force

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8
Q

elasticity

A

return to original length when relaxed

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9
Q

extensibility

A

stretch/extend beyond resting length

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10
Q

cardiac muscle location

A

myocardium of heart

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11
Q

cardiac muscle cell shape

A

branch and y shape

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12
Q

cardiac muscle nuclei

A

uni or bi

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13
Q

cardiac muscle striations

A

striated

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14
Q

cardiac muscle control

A

involuntary

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15
Q

cardiac muscle special features

A

intercalated disc, auto rhythmic

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16
Q

smooth muscle location

A

walls of visceral organs

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17
Q

smooth muscle cell shape

A

fusiform

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18
Q

smooth muscle nuclei

A

uninucleate

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19
Q

smooth muscle striations

A

not striated

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20
Q

smooth muscle control

A

involuntary

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21
Q

smooth muscle special features

A

fatigue resistant

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22
Q

skeletal muscle location

A

connected to skeleton

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23
Q

skeletal muscle cell shape

A

fiber - like - long cylindrical

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24
Q

skeletal muscle nuclei

A

multinucleate

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25
Q

skeletal muscle striations

A

striated

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26
Q

skeletal muscle control

A

voluntary

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27
Q

skeletal muscle special features

A

innervated at neuromuscular junction
vascular

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28
Q

skeletal muscle functions

A

movement
maintain posture
temp regulation
store and move materials
support abdomen organs
joint stabilization

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29
Q

skeletal muscle organization

A

endomysium wraps fibers
perimysium fascicles
epimysium wraps entire muscles
deeps fascia wrap muscle group
tendon

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30
Q

what does endomysium wrap

A

muscle fibers

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31
Q

what does perimysium wrap

A

fascicles

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32
Q

what does epimysium wrap

A

entire muscle

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33
Q

what does deep fascia wrap

A

muscle group

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34
Q

muscle tendon connection

A

collagen fibers of endomysium, perimysium, epimysium and continuous with tendons

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35
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bone or skin

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36
Q

aponeurosis

A

flat tendon
ex external oblique

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37
Q

connective tissue covering muscle

A

epimysium

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38
Q

connective tissue covering fascicle

A

perimysium

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39
Q

connective tissue covering fascicle

A

perimysium

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40
Q

connective tissue covering myofiber

A

endomysium

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41
Q

connective tissue covering myofibril, thick and thin filament, myosin and actin proteins

A

none

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42
Q

muscle contraction

A

begins with signal from motor neuron
initiates impulse
triggers release of calcium

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43
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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44
Q

PNS

A

ganglion and nerves - single root groups together
extremities

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45
Q

nervous system organization

A

sensation (sensory)
response (motor)

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46
Q

sensation - sensory

A

detect stimuli. afferent info to CNS

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47
Q

sensory subdivisions

A

special senses
somatic senses
visceral senses

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48
Q

special senses

A

vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance, equilibrium

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49
Q

somatic senses

A

info from skin, joints, skeletal muscles

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50
Q

visceral senses

A

info from internal organs and blood vessels

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51
Q

response - motor

A

efferent info leaves CNS
effectors (muscle or gland) respond

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52
Q

response subdivision

A

somatic and autonomic

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53
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary
innervates skeletal muscle

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54
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary
innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

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55
Q

neurons

A

excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses

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56
Q

glial cells

A

non-excitable cells that support and protect neurons

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57
Q

dendrites

A

receive information for other neurons

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58
Q

cell body (soma)

A

contains nucleus and major organelles

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59
Q

Axon hillock

A

where axon emerges from cell body – where cytoplasm changes to solution of components

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60
Q

Axon

A

fiber that emerges from cell body and projects to target cells

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61
Q

Myelin sheath

A

wraps the axons – made from glial cells. Acts as insulation

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62
Q

noes of ranvier

A

gap in the myelin coverings

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63
Q

Axon terminal

A

end of axon that makes connections with target cells at synapses

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64
Q

unipolar

A

sensory neurons - one process emerging from cell

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65
Q

bipolar

A

special senses – two processes extending from each end of cell body

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66
Q

Multipolar

A

CNS neurons, motor neurons – everything else – one axon and two or more dendrites

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67
Q

synapses

A

site at which neurons communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands

where neurotransmitters are inside vessels - break out

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68
Q

astrocyte

A

control ionic environment
induce formation of the blood -brain barrier

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69
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

form myelin sheath in CNS

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70
Q

microglial cell

A

clean up debris and fight infection

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71
Q

ependymal cells

A

line brain internal cavities (ventricles)

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72
Q

glial cells of CNS

A

astrocyte
oligodendrocyte
microglial
ependymal

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73
Q

glial cell of PNS

A

Schwann cell
Satellite cells

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74
Q

Schwann cell

A

myeline PNS axons

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75
Q

satellite cells

A

protect and regulate nutrients for neuron cell bodies in ganglia

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76
Q

how is myelin made in the CNS

A

oligodendrocyte

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77
Q

how is myelin made in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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78
Q

myeline structure

A

white, fatty coating around axons
nodes of ranvier to side

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79
Q

myelin function

A

support, protect, and insulate axon
increase conduction speed of electrical signals in axons

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80
Q

gray matter

A

contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites

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81
Q

white matter

A

contains neuron axons and myelin sheath

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82
Q

nervous tissue ganglia

A

in PNS where neuron cell bodies and dendrites are found

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83
Q

nervous tissue nerves

A

in PNS where neuron axons are found

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84
Q

sensory neurons

A

send information to CNS

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85
Q

motor neurons

A

send information away from CNS

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86
Q

nerve structure

A

cable like bundles of axons in PNS
endometrium wrap individual axons
perineurium wrap axon fascicles
epineurium wrap entire nerve

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87
Q

neuronal network

A

work to process sensory information and perform motor responses

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88
Q

upper motor neuron

A

in the motor cortex

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89
Q

lower motor neuron

A

spinal cord and brain stem

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90
Q

tertiary afferent neuron

A

in the brain

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91
Q

secondary afferent neuron

A

spinal cord and brainstem

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92
Q

primary afferent neuron

A

dorsal root ganglion

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93
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

patches of myelin in brain and spinal cord are destroyed
autoimmune disease
symptom: blindness, weakness, numbness

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94
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

progressive degenerative disease of the brain
symptom: memory loss, depression, disorientation
associated with abnormal proteins aggregates
intracellular tau tangles
extracellular amyloid plaques

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95
Q

meninges structure

A

connective tissue surrounding brain and spinal cord
dura, arachnoid, pia mater

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96
Q

meninges function

A

separate brain from skull
enclose and protect blood vessels supplying brain
contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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97
Q

meninges order

A

dura (outer most)
arachnoid
subarachnoid space - filled with CSF
pia mater

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98
Q

CSF function

A

buoyancy
protection (cushion)
environmental stability

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99
Q

CSF location and composition

A

produced in choroid plexus
clear, colorless fluid
circulate through ventricles and subarachnoid spaces surrounding CNS

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100
Q

hydrocephalus

A

excessive CSF
cause - obstruction of CSF flow
overproduction of CSF
impaired drainage of CSF

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101
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

outpock of arachnoid membrane that pierce into dural sinuses – allowing CSF reabsorption into blood

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102
Q

cerebrum

A

location of conscious thought processes and complex intellectual functions
2 hemispheres - connected by corpus callosum
gyri and sulk increase surface area
gray matter and white matter

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103
Q

corpus callous

A

midsaggital section

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103
Q

corpus callous

A

midsaggital section

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104
Q

frontal lobe

A

decision making, personality, verbal communication, voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles

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105
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory interpretation of textures and shapes, understanding speech

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106
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory and olfactory experience

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107
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

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108
Q

insula

A

taste

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109
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus – command spinal cord to contract specific muscles in contralateral side of body

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110
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

post central gyrus – sensation originating in skin and muscle (touch, vibration, proprioception, temperature, and pain)

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111
Q

homunculus

A

little person in brain pulling knobs and switches

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112
Q

divisions of diencephalon

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus

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113
Q

thalamus

A

either side of third ventricle
relay station for sensory and motor information entering the cerebrum

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114
Q

hypothalamus

A

BEETS-HAM
behavior
endocrine
emotion
temperature
sleep
hunger
autonomic control
memory

  • infundibulum and pituitary gland
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115
Q

cerebellum

A

fine tune, smoothen and coordinate muscle movements
balance and equilibrium

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116
Q

components of brain stem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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117
Q

brainstem function

A

bidirectional passage between cerebrum and spinal cord
contain many autonomic and reflex centers for survival
point of attachment for cranial nerves

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118
Q

medulla

A

cardiac center
vasomotor center
respiratory center
reflexes - cough, sneeze, gag, vomit, ect

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119
Q

limbic system

A

emotional brain
involved in emotion, memory, and motivation

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120
Q

limbic system components

A

fornix, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus

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121
Q

limbic system components

A

fornix, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus

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122
Q

cervical nerves

A

top 7

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123
Q

thoracic nerves

A

middle 9-12

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124
Q

lumbar nerves

A

20-25

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125
Q

sacral spinal nerves

A

bottom 5 after coccygeal nerve

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126
Q

coccygeal nerve

A

very bottom

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127
Q

conus medullaris

A

level of the L1 or L2 vertebrae.

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128
Q

cauda equina

A

nerve and nerve roots

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129
Q

ascending tracts in spinal cord

A

conduct sensory or motor information
travel through white matter of CNS
connect CNS regions to cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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130
Q

descending tracts in spinal cord

A

conduct sensory or motor information
travel through white matter of CNS
connect CNS regions to cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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131
Q

Association fibers

A

connect gyrus to gyrus and lobe to lobe

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4
5
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132
Q

Commissural fiber

A

cross over midline – one hemisphere to other

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133
Q

Projection fibers

A

connect different brain structures and regions to each other

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134
Q

Basal nuclei (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus)

A

starting, stopping, monitoring movement

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135
Q

olfactory nerve I

A

smell

136
Q

optic nerve II

A

sight

137
Q

oculomotor nerve III

A

extrinsic eye movement

138
Q

trochlear nerve IV

A

extrinsic eye movement

139
Q

Trigeminal nerve V

A

face, teeth, tongue
muscles of mastication

140
Q

Abducens nerve VI

A

extrinsic eye muscle - lateral rectus

141
Q

facial nerve VII

A

taster -anterior 2/3 of tongue
muscles of facial expression, secretion of saliva and tear

142
Q

vestibulocochelar nerve VIII

A

hearing, balance

143
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve IX

A

taster - poster 1/3 of tongue
swall and secretion of saliva

144
Q

vagus nerve X

A

visceral sensation - thoracic and abdominal cavities
swelling, respiratory system, heart, digestive system

145
Q

accessory nerve XI

A

sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

146
Q

hypoglossal nerve XII

A

tongue muscles

147
Q

nerves with just sensory

A

1,2,8

148
Q

nerves with just motor

A

3,4,6,11,12

149
Q

nerves with both

A

5, 7, 9, 10

150
Q

dermatomes

A

specific segment of skin supplied by single pair of spinal nerves
c- arm and head
t - midbody - back and stomach
L- lower back - anterior leg
S - butt and posterior leg

151
Q

nerve plexuses

A

network of interweaving spinal nerves
split into multiple named nerves that innervate various body structures
cervical, brachial, lumbal, sacral

152
Q

cervical plexus

A

spinal nerves C1-C4
innervate anterior neck and part of head and shoulder
phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm

153
Q

brachial plexus

A

spinal nerves C5- T1
innervates pictorial girdle and upper limb
axillary nerve/artery, musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar, median

154
Q

lumbar plexus

A

spinal nerves L1-L4
innervates anterior and medial thigh
femoral nerve

155
Q

sacral plexus

A

spinal nerves L4-S4
innervates all of lower limb except anterior/medial thigh
sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve

156
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

simplest of all reflexes
one CNS synapse
stretch reflex is an example - knee jerk

157
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

more complex neural pathway
response to pain
multiple CNS synapse are involved
includes interneurons
withdrawal reflex is an example

158
Q

somatic nervous system

A

one motor neuron to target
innervates skeletal muscle

159
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

chain of two motor neurons to target
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
divided in parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

160
Q

sympathetic division

A

preganglionic axon synapse in sympathetic ganglia
sympathetic ganglia are near CNS and vertebral column

161
Q

sympathetic division function

A

fight or flight
activated in emergency situations and when excited or stressed

162
Q

sympathetic division exit from CNS

A

thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

163
Q

parasympathetic division

A

preganglionic axons

164
Q

parasympathetic division functions

A

rest and digest
conserves energy and replenishes energy stores

165
Q

parasympathetic division exit from CNS

A

brainstem (CN 3, 7, 9, 10)
sacral spinal cord

166
Q

dual innervation

A

most organs innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions - often oppose each other

167
Q

dual innervation of pupil

A

parasympathetic - pupil constriction
sympathetic - pupil dilation

168
Q

dual innervation of digestive system

A

p: increase activity related to digestion
s: reduce activity related to digestion

169
Q

dual innervation of heart

A

p: decrease heart rate
S: increase heart rate

170
Q

dual innervation of heart

A

p: decrease heart rate
S: increase heart rate

171
Q

enteric nervous system

A

wall of digestive tract
automatically control digestive system

172
Q

dorsal nerve root

A

The sensory axons enter the spinal cord

173
Q

ventral root - anterior

A

The motor fibers, both somatic and autonomic

174
Q

general senses

A

temperature, pain, touch, stretch, pressure

175
Q

special senses

A

gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, audition

176
Q

what are stimuli detected by

A

receptors

177
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch, pressure, vibration

178
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature

179
Q

nociceptors

A

tissue damage

180
Q

photoreceptor

A

light

181
Q

chemoreceptor

A

chemical stimuli - taste or smell

182
Q

dermis

A

pain and temperature
free nerve endings

183
Q

muscle spindle

A

detect muscle stretch

184
Q

Golgi tendon

A

detect tendon stretch

185
Q

filiform papillae

A

no taste buds

186
Q

fungiform papillae

A

few taste buds

187
Q

foliate papillae

A

taste buds during infancy

188
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

many taste buds

189
Q

cells in taste buds

A

gustatory cells
supporting cells
basal cells

190
Q

gustatory cells

A

chemoreceptors
5 basic tastes
replaced every 7-10 days

191
Q

5 basic tastes

A

salt, sour, sweet, bitter, umami

192
Q

basal cells

A

immature cells replaces other two cell types

193
Q

tongue surface

A

stratified squamous epithelium

194
Q

olfaction

A

olfactory receptor neurons - chemoreceptors, bipolar neurons
supporting cells
basal cells - immature cells for renewal of other cells

195
Q

vision eye muscles

A

superior rectus
inferior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
eye goes toward contracting muscle
superior contract - eye goes up

196
Q

eyebrow, eyelash, eyelid function

A

prevent foreign objects from contacting the eye

197
Q

conjunctiva

A

covers eye’s anterior surface and internal eyelid surface

198
Q

tarsal glands

A

sebaceous gland – oily secretion to prevent tear evaporation

199
Q

lacrimal gland

A

produce tears

200
Q

caniculi

A

drain tears into sac

201
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

move tears to nasal cavity

202
Q

lacrimal sac

A

tears collected

203
Q

lens

A

focus light to back of eye

204
Q

pupil

A

hole in center allowing light to enter

205
Q

anterior chamber

A

cornea and iris

206
Q

posterior chamber

A

iris and lens

207
Q

aqueous humor

A

fills anterior and posterior chambers

208
Q

vitreous chamber

A

behind lens

209
Q

vitreous humor

A

viscous fluid in posterior cavity

210
Q

sclera

A

outermost layer

211
Q

cornea

A

clear part of outer layer

212
Q

choroid

A

highly vascularized connective tissue - blood supply to the eye

213
Q

ciliary body

A

muscular structure attached to lens

214
Q

suspensory ligament

A

attach ciliary body to lens

215
Q

iris

A

muscle that opens or closes the pupil

216
Q

retina

A

contain nervous tissue for photoreceptors

217
Q

rod/cone

A

light detection

218
Q

fovea centralis

A

center of retina
only cones - maximal visual acuity

219
Q

optic disc

A

where optic nerve begins, blind spot
no rods or cones

220
Q

fibrous tunic

A

sclera
cornea

221
Q

vascular tunic

A

choroid
ciliary body
suspensory ligament
iris

222
Q

neural tunic

A

retina

223
Q

rod

A

function in dim light - no sharp vision or color vision

224
Q

cones

A

bright light
high acuity and color vision

225
Q

cataracts

A

cloudy lens

226
Q

glaucoma

A

high pressure in eye - hurts optic nerve

227
Q

macular degeneration

A

the area around the fovea degenerates

228
Q

external ear

A

auricle
external auditory canal
ceruminous glands
tympanic membrane

229
Q

ceruminous glands

A

produce cerumen
earwax impedes microorganism growth

230
Q

ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

231
Q

middle ear

A

auditory tube connects air-filled middle ear to nasopharynx
usually closed, opens to equilibrate pressure in middle ear
otitis media: infection of middle ear

232
Q

inner ear

A

vestibule
semicircular canal
cochlea
vestibular/cochlear nerves

233
Q

vestibule

A

utricle and saccule
detect linear acceleration and head position
help sense equilibrium

234
Q

semicircular canals

A

detect rotational movement
help sense equilibrium

235
Q

cochlea

A

detect sound waves

236
Q

hair cells

A

send messages to sensory neurons within the vestibulocochlear nerve, which in turn, relays the information to the brain

237
Q

parallel

A

fibers run parallel to long axis

238
Q

circular

A

concentric rings

239
Q

convergent

A

broad origin, coverge toward insertion
pectoralis major

240
Q

pennate

A

short fibers are obliquely attached to tendon
blends into a tendon at an angle that runs through the central region of the muscle for its whole length

241
Q

unipennate

A

one direction of striations

242
Q

bipennate

A

two directions of striations

243
Q

multipennate

A

a lot of striations

244
Q

naming muscles

A

action
body region
attachment
orientation - external abdominal oblique
shape/size
head

245
Q

origin

A

less moveable attachment site

246
Q

insertion

A

more moveable attachment site

247
Q

agonist

A

principle muscle producing primary action
prime mover

248
Q

synergist

A

assisting muscle in action

249
Q

fixator

A

muscle that stabilizes bone - attached to agonist origin

250
Q

antagonist

A

opposite action of prime mover

251
Q

lateral flexion

A

toward right/left

252
Q

supination

A

palm forward

253
Q

pronation

A

palm back

254
Q

inversion

A

bottom of foot toward midline

255
Q

eversion

A

bottom of foot away from midline

256
Q

protraction

A

should moves forward

257
Q

retraction

A

scpula pulled back

258
Q

opposition

A

tip of thumb in contact with finger

259
Q

reposition

A

return thumb to anatomical position

260
Q

mastication muscles

A

masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoind
lateral pterygoid

261
Q

elbow flexors

A

biceps brachii
brachial
brachioradialis

262
Q

elbow extensors

A

triceps brachii
ancones

263
Q

lateral rotators of humerus

A

teres minor
infraspinatus

264
Q

abductor of humerus

A

supraspinatus

265
Q

medial rotator of humerus

A

subscapularis

266
Q

shoulder adductor/flexor

A

coracobrachialis
pectoralis major

267
Q

shoulder adductors/extensors

A

teres major
latissimus dorsi

268
Q

shoulder abductor - flex and extend shoulder

A

deltoid

269
Q

knee extensors

A

vastus muscles
rectus femoris
common insert: tibial tuberosity

270
Q

knee flexors

A

semitenindosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
common origin: ischial tuberosity

271
Q

hip adductors

A

3 adductor muscles
pectinous
gracilis - inferior pubic ramus - tibia surface

272
Q

hip abductors

A

gluteus medius
gluteus minimus

273
Q

hip flexors

A

iliacus
rectus femoris
psoas major
ilipsoas

274
Q

hip extensor

A

gluteus maximus
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris

275
Q

endocrine system

A

endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
use hormones to direct functions of the body

276
Q

hormones

A

carried throughout body by the bloodstream
initiate specific actions in target cells - have receptors for hormone

277
Q

tropic hormones

A

hormones that affect the release of other hormones
gonadotrophins

278
Q

how endocrine differs from nervous system

A

use nerves and neurotransmitters - electrical system

279
Q

specifics how endocrine is different

A

can affect any cell in the body
widespread effects
slower but longer lasting responses

280
Q

amine hormone

A

modified amino acid

281
Q

peptide hormone

A

short chain of linked amino acids

282
Q

protein hormone

A

long chain of linked amino acids

283
Q

steroid hormone

A

derived from the lipid cholesterol

284
Q

hypothalamus–pituitary complex

A

the command center of the endocrine system
secretes hormones
coordinate message between ES and NS

285
Q

anterior pituitary

A

glandular tissue

286
Q

posterior pituitary

A

nervous tissue

287
Q

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

A

initiate water retention in kidney during dehydration
increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction

288
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine contractions and milk ejection

289
Q

two posterior pituitary hormones

A

antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin

290
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

acts on thyroid gland

291
Q

prolactin

A

acts on mammary glands

292
Q

adrenocorticotropic

A

acts on adrenal cortex

293
Q

growth hormone

A

acts on all body tissue, especially bone, muscle, and adipose connective tissue

294
Q

follicle stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone

A

act on gonads - testes and ovaries

295
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

acts on melanocyte in epidermis

296
Q

pineal gland

A

part of epithalamus
produces melatonin - help regulate circadian rhythm

297
Q

thyroid gland

A

produce - thyroid hormone - increase metabolic rate
calcitonin - lower blood calcium
decrease osteoclast increase osteoblast

298
Q

parathyroid gland

A

posterior surface of thyroid gland
produce parathyroid hormone
increase blood concentration of calcium
increase osteoclast decrease osteoblast

299
Q

thymus

A

lower neck and mediastinum
yellows and atrophies after puberty
produce thymopoietin and thymosins
stimulate growth and maturation of T-lymphocytes

300
Q

adrenal glands

A

adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla

301
Q

adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone - sodium and water retention in kidney
cortisol - help body deal with stressful situations

302
Q

adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine - adrenaline
norepinephrinem
- fight or flight

303
Q

pancreas

A

posterior wall of abdominal cavity
pancreatic islets
produce glucagon and insulin

304
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by alpha cells
glycogen breakdown in the liver
increases blood glucose levels

305
Q

insulin

A

secreted by beta cells
signal body cells to take up and use glucose for energy
decrease blood glucose levels

306
Q

ovary

A

bilateral structure located in pelvic cavity
produce estrogen and progesterone

307
Q

estrogen

A

maturation of follicles, stimulate development to female reproductive organs

308
Q

progesterone

A

stimulate growth of uterine lining

309
Q

testis

A

bilateral structure located externally within scrotum
produce testosterone

310
Q

testosterone

A

activate sperm production, stimulate development to male reproductive organs

311
Q

kidney

A

bilateral structure within abdominal cavity
produce renin

312
Q

renin

A

stimulates formation of angiotensin that leads to production of aldosterone

313
Q

heart

A

thoracic cavity
produce atrial natriuretic peptide
increase loss of sodium and water

314
Q

oxytocin TO

A

uterus and mammary gland

315
Q

ADH TO

A

kidney

316
Q

FSH TO

A

gonads

317
Q

LH TO

A

gonads

318
Q

ACTH TO

A

adrenal cortex

319
Q

TSH TO

A

thyroid

320
Q

prolactin TA

A

mammary glands

321
Q

GH target organ

A

skeletal muscle, bone, fat

322
Q

MSH TO

A

melanocyte of epidermis

323
Q

Melatonin TO

A

brain

324
Q

T3 and T4 TO (thyroid)

A

body cells

325
Q

calcitonin TO

A

bones

326
Q

parathyroid hormone TO

A

bones

327
Q

thymopoietin and thyroxin TO

A

thymus

328
Q

aldosterone TO

A

kidney

329
Q

cortisol TO

A

liver

330
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine TO

A

body cells

331
Q

glucagon TO

A

body cells, liver

332
Q

insulin TO

A

body cells

333
Q

estrogen TO

A

ovary, uterus, mammary glands

334
Q

progesterone TO

A

uterus

335
Q

testosterone TO

A

testis, prostate

336
Q

renin TO

A

liver

337
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide TO

A

kidney

338
Q

muscle relaxation

A

calcium is resorbed, ATP is required
thick and thin filament interaction relaxes
muscle lengthens and relaxes

Anatomy (10 decks)

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