All I need to know Flashcards
1
Q
gustation/tate
A
gustatory cells
chemoreceptors
responds to 5 basic tastes (salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami)
2
Q
parturition(partum)/ child birth stages
A
cervical dilation
expulsion
placental
3
Q
cervical dilation
A
begins with first regular contractions and ends when the cervix is fully dilated, longest stage
4
Q
expulsion
A
full dilation to delivery of the baby
5
Q
placental
A
eliminates the placenta
15-30 min after birth
6
Q
ovulation oogenesis
A
maturation of primary oocyte to secondary oocyte
7
Q
folliculogenesis
A
primordial follicle > primary follicle > secondary follicle > mature follicle > ovulation
8
Q
oogenesis
A
ovary fallopian tube
9
Q
folliculgenesis
A
ovary
10
Q
spermatogenesis
A
sustentacular (Sertoli) cells seminiferous tubules
process of sperm production
assist with sperm development
11
Q
testosterone
A
interstitial cells
between seminiferous tubules
produce androgens
12
Q
respiration diaphragm
A
phrenic nerve
13
Q
non descended testes
A
babies testes haven’t moved into proper position
14
Q
cryptorchidism
A
non descended testes
15
Q
internal urethral sphincter
A
thickening of detrusor muscle
smooth muscle
involuntary
ANS
16
Q
external urethral sphincter
A
portion of urogenital diaphragm
skeletal muscle
voluntary
controlled by somatic nervous system
17
Q
intestinal sphincter
A
idk just remember this
17
Q
intestinal sphincter
A
idk just remember this
18
Q
olfaction
A
smell
olfactory receptor neurons - chemoreceptor, bipolar neurons
supporting cells
basal cells - immature cells for renewal of other cells
19
Q
vision
A
sight
six extrinsic eye muscles
eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids (palpebrae)
conjunctiva - cover eye’s anterior surface and internal eyelid surface
lacrimal system - lacrimal gland, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct
tarsal glands
20
Q
photoreceptors/photoreception rods and cones
A
rods - function in dim light, don’t provide sharp vision or color vision, more numerous than cones
cones - operate best in bright light, provide high acuity color vision
21
Q
cones
A
color
22
Q
eye dominance
A
when you use one eye more than the other, fixate on something better with one eye
23
Q
optic disc
A
contain no rod or cone
axon exit eye
blind spot
24
auditory
hearing
cochlea: detect sound waves
tympanic membrane: ear drum, which vibrates after it is struck by sound waves
25
auditory
hearing
cochlea: detect sound waves
tympanic membrane: ear drum, which vibrates after it is struck by sound waves
26
mastication
chewing, saliva break down amylase
27
temporalis
deep muscle on temporal bone; elevates and retracts mandible
28
masseter
inferior to the temporalis; elevates and protracts mandible
29
medial pterygoid
runs vertically on inside of ramus of mandible; elevates mandible; moves mandible side to side (excursion)
30
lateral pterygoid
runs horizontally; superior to the medial pterygoid muscle; depresses mandible; moves mandible side to side (excursion)
31
Small large intestine
bile and insulin come in through duodenum
gallbladder stores bile
pancreas stores insulin
insulin released into duodenum through the major duodenal papilla
31
Small large intestine
bile and insulin come in through duodenum
gallbladder stores bile
pancreas stores insulin
insulin released into duodenum through the major duodenal papilla
32
salivation
chemical digestion oral
submandibular: 60-70%
parotid: 25-30%
Sublingual: 3-5%
33
equilibrium
semicircular canals
33
equilibrium
semicircular canals
34
sudoriferous eccrine (skin/sweat)
sudoriferous (sweat glands)
Eccrine glands produce watery sweat and are found all over the body. they are most numerous
apocrine glands produce viscous sweat & are found in axillary, nipple, anal, and genital areas
35
eccrine common hair
lanugo hair - fetal
vellus hair - fine hair on body
terminal hair - head, armpit pubic
36
apocrine secretion
pinched off
armpits and groin
37
sebaceous
oils
38
sweat glands
come from sebaceous glands
38
sweat glands
come from sebaceous glands
39
largest organ
skin
40
epidermis and layers
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
41
skin layers
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
42
diaphoresis
you’re sweating more than normal or you’re sweating for no clear reason
43
hyperhidrosis
excessive sweating
43
hyperhidrosis
excessive sweating
44
pigmentation
excessive melanocyte activity: freckles
overgrowth in melanocyte: mole
hemoglobin causes pink hue
melanocyte produce melanin
45
pit/genital/smelly - pheromones
make you smell bad
46
afferent
sensory neurons, dorsal root ganglion
toward CNS
47
efferent
motor, leave spinal cord
48
monosynaptic
straight to the spinal cord. simplest reflex - knee jerk
49
polysynaptic
goes to the brain (interneurons) withdrawal reflex
50
afferent
towards CNS
51
efferent (muscle/glands)
efferent information leaves the CNS
effects (muscles or glands
52
somatic nervous system
voluntary
innervated skeletal muscle
53
autonomic nervous system
involuntary
innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
54
inhalation
diaphragm contracts, external intercostal, scalenes, others
55
exhalation
lung elastic recoil, diaphragm passively relax, abdominal wall, internal intercostal
56
external respiration
gas exchange between blood and air. O2 diffuses from air into blood, CO2 diffuses from blood into air
57
internal respiration
gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. O2 diffuses from blood into body cells
CO2 diffuses from body cells into blood
58
micturition/urination
controlled by centers in the pons and sacral spinal cord
parasympathetic division stimulates it
sympathetic division inhibits it
59
micturition reflex
stretch receptors in bladder are stimulated
internal and external urethral sphincters relax
detrusor and abdominal muscles contract
60
filtration kidneys
nephron more in cortex
85% are cortical (cortex). most are in renal cortex
15% are juxtamedullary: cortex and medulla
61
corpuscle
glomerulus & glomerular capsule
62
renal tubule
proximal convoluted tubule ,nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
63
reabsorption occurs
bowmans and nephrons, loop of henle PCT and DCT
64
sebaceous gland/oil
overactive glands causes acne
produces sebum
65
chemical digestion
starting in the mouth, digestive secretions break down complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks
66
mechanical digestion
chewing (mouth), churning (stomach), segmentation (small intestine
67
peristalsis
involuntary - sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along
68
swallowing - deglutition
movement of food from mouth to stomach
skeletal muscle of tongue and muscles of pharynx and esophagus
voluntary phase: chewing completed, tongue moves upward and backward against palate, pushing bolus to back of cavity
pharyngeal phase: uvula and soft palate move upward and close off nasopharynx. hyoid bone and larynx elevate epiglottis folds to cover trachea
esophageal phase: entry of food into esophagus - initiation of peristalsis
69
ingestion
soft palate and uvula rise to close off nasopharynx. blocks the trachea
bolus: chewed food
70
defecation
large intestine waste expulsion
movement of undigested food from lining of intestines through the bowel and out the anus
71
segmentation
small intestine. contraction of muscle of muscularis layer of alimentary canal. isolate small sections of intestine, moving contents back and forth and breaking and mixing contents. movement mixes food with digestive juices and facilitates absorption
72
churning
in the stomach- further break it apart and expose more of its surface area to digestive juices, creating an acidic “soup” called chyme
73
adrenal gland
top of kidney
74
adrenal cortex
aldosterone - sodium and water retention in the kidney
cortisol - help body deal with stressful situations
75
adrenal medulla
epinephrine - adrenaline
norepinephrine - enhance fight or flight response
76
meninges brain
dura mater: tough outer covering
arachnoid mater: middle layer
pia mater: inner most layer
77
meningitis
infection and inflammation of the meninges
78
limbic - emotional brain
amygdala, fornix, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus
79
peristalsis
smooth muscles moving contents in vas lumen
a series of wavelike contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
80
propulsion
movement of food through digestive tract
voluntary: swallowing
involuntary: peristalsis
81
vaso dilation
gets bigger, decrease blood pressure
82
vaso constriction
narrowing of blood vessels, increase blood pressure
83
phagocytosis
surrounding of foreign material by leukocytes
destroying pathogens. take organism inside itself at phagosome, fuses with lysosome, killing many pathogens
macrophage central nervous system microglial cells
84
enteric nervous system
large network of neurons in the wall of the digestive tract (as many neurons as the spinal cord)
functions to automatically control digestive system functions
can be influenced by the ANS but also can operate independently of the brain and spinal cord
85
propioception
position of joint or limb in space
86
hematopoiesis
production of blood’s formed elements
Erythropoiesis: red blood cells
Thrombopoiesis: platelets
Leukopoiesis: white blood cells
occurs in red bone marrow
erythropoietin: made by the kidney controls erythrocyte production
monoblast = monocyte
megakaryocyte = platelet
87
filtration
renal corpuscle. HBP and leak filtration allows water and solute to move through fenestrations and podocyte filtration into Bowman’s capsule - filtrate
88
excretion
fluid found in filtrate at the end of collecting duct is urine. move through collecting duct to renal pelvis
89
reabsorption
99% of water and solutes return by tubular reabsorption. proximal convoluted tubule is bulk, nephron contributes
90
fundus
top of organ away from opening
91
sperm capacitation
break soon of acrosome fertilization
changes sperm must undergo in order to fertilize egg
period of sperm conditioning in female repro tract
prepares the acrosome for fertilization
increases motility
head is broken down a bit
step 1 of fertilization phases: corona radiata penetration (secretes things that dissolve membrane of egg)
step 2: acrosome reaction and zona pellucida penetration (tries to break in)
step 3: sperm and oocyte fuse together and create a fertilized egg
92
Golgi tendon organs
stretch reflex in tendons - Diede no splits
tells how much tension the muscle is exerting
too much tension, inhibit muscle from creating force
93
hilums
keep vessels open in renal and pulmonary organs
connect lung to supporting structure
pulmonary vessels enter and exit your lungs
veins and arteries join in the middle
94
ANS: sympathetic
sympathetic ganglia are near the CNS and vertebral column
fight or flight - emergency situation
exit from CNS
95
ANS: parasympathetic
preganglionic axon synapse in parasympathetic ganglia
near or within target organ
rest and digest
conserve energy and replenish energy stores
exit from CNS - brainstem, sacral spinal cord
96
podocyte
special fenestrations ( unlike continuous or sinusoidal) in the kidney (renal)
filtration barrier
97
body cavities
pelvic: ovaries and testes
abdominal
thoracic-lungs
vertebral-spinal cord
cranial- brain
98
upper left quadrant
stomach, spleen, pancreas
99
upper right quadrant
liver and gallbladder
100
lower quadrants
urinary bladder, intestines
101
borders of perineum
pubic symphysis
ischial tuberosity
coccyx
102
mammary gland
prolection - create milk
oxytocin - eject milk
103
lobes and lactiferous duct
10-20 per breast
104
areola
pigmented, many sebaceous glands
105
3 germ layers
ectoderm - nervous system and skin
mesoderm - muscular and skeletal system, heart, kidney
endoderm - respiratory system and digestive system
106
hyaline cartilage
flexible but resilient
respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi), costal cartilage, nose, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, fetal skeleton
107
fibrocartilage
contains thick collagen fibers
shock absorber
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, articular discs of jaw
108
cranial nerve with motor and sensory functions
trigeminal
facial
glossopharyngeal
vagus
109
bursae
fluid filled sac, prevent friction
110
apophysis
bony outgrowth, attachment site for ligaments or tendons
111
epiphysis
wider section at the end of the bone
112
tunica vaginalis
female - outside of ovary
male: lines the testes. superficial to deep tunica albuginea, visceral layer of tunica vaginalis, parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis
113
prostate gland
citric acid - nutrient for sperm
seminalplasmin (antibiotic that combats UTI in males
prostate specific antigen
114
bulbouretral gland
mucus - lubricant for sexual intercourse
115
ejaculatory duct
deliver sperm into urethra - secrete and additives from prostate
116
seminiferous
maintenance of the sperm - storage of sperm
117
corpora cavernosa
blood vessels to help make erection
118
spongiosum
surround urethra. help make erection and keep urethra open during erection
119
dartos
regulate temperature of testicles
120
cremaster muscle
regulate temperature of testis and protect from extrinsic trauma
121
visceral and parietal
Visceral-touching organ
Parietal- on the outside, touches cavity
122
menstruation phases
follicular phase - (1-13) FSH and LH stimulate maturation of follicle and oocyte
ovulation- day 14 LH surge cause expulsion of oocyte from ovary
luteal phase: (15-28) follicular cells turn to corpus luteum
secrete estrogen and progesterone preparing uterus for implantation
break down into white scar called corpus albicans
decrease in hormone release leads to menstruation
123
lactation
breast supplying milk to an infant
124
diarthrotic
freely moveable- shoulder, elbow, knuckle
125
amphiarthrotic
slightly moveable- pubic symphysis, intervertebral
126
synarthrotic
immoveable- tooth, skull
127
fibrous
suture, gomphosis,
syndesmosis (amphi) - fibrous joint held by ligament
128
cartilaginous
synchondroses (rib, synarthrotic)
symphyses - amphi, vertebral
129
synovial
diarthrotic, bone and bone
130
pampiniform
spermatic cord, testicular veins
131
choroid plexus
ventricle of brain. produces CSP
132
brainstem
Brainstem: Bidirectional passageway between cerebrum and spinal cord. Made up by the pons, medulla and midbrain
Contains many autonomic and reflex centers essential for survival
Point of attachment for cranial nerves
133
medulla
cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center, reflex
134
pituitary - anterior hormone
growth, metabolism, reproduction through hormones
135
thalamus
relay station for sensory and motor information entering the cerebrum
136
hypothalamus
BEETSHAM. behavior, emotion, endocrine, temp, sleep, hunger, autonomic, memory
137
homunculus
-Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
-Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
-dermatomes: specific segment of skin supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves
-myotome-group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve root
138
homunculus with sex organs
highly innervated especially glans
139
hymen
within vagina surrounding the opening. ring or donut shape
140
mucus plug
fills the cervix, thin during ovulation
141
vagina
passageway for blood and tissue
142
syncitiotrophoblast
interacts/ erodes with uterus stratum functionalis, endometrium.
burrows into the stratum functionalis of the endometrium
produce hCG (pregnancy hormone)
143
sarcomere
thick - Actin binding site, ATP binding site, myosin molecule
thin - troponin, actin, tropomyosin, binding site for myosin, actin subunit
sarcoplasmic reticulum- ca
myofibrils - muscle cells
144
sympathetic and parasympathetic from the brain/uterus/vagina including genital innervation
genital innervation: dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris
vagina: parasympathetic
uterus: both
brain: both
145
enteric/nervous system
blood flow, mucosal flow, endocrine secretions and immunity
