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Anatomy > All I need to know > Flashcards

All I need to know Flashcards

1
Q

gustation/tate

A

gustatory cells
chemoreceptors
responds to 5 basic tastes (salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami)

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2
Q

parturition(partum)/ child birth stages

A

cervical dilation
expulsion
placental

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3
Q

cervical dilation

A

begins with first regular contractions and ends when the cervix is fully dilated, longest stage

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4
Q

expulsion

A

full dilation to delivery of the baby

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5
Q

placental

A

eliminates the placenta
15-30 min after birth

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6
Q

ovulation oogenesis

A

maturation of primary oocyte to secondary oocyte

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7
Q

folliculogenesis

A

primordial follicle > primary follicle > secondary follicle > mature follicle > ovulation

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8
Q

oogenesis

A

ovary fallopian tube

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9
Q

folliculgenesis

A

ovary

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10
Q

spermatogenesis

A

sustentacular (Sertoli) cells seminiferous tubules
process of sperm production
assist with sperm development

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11
Q

testosterone

A

interstitial cells
between seminiferous tubules
produce androgens

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12
Q

respiration diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

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13
Q

non descended testes

A

babies testes haven’t moved into proper position

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14
Q

cryptorchidism

A

non descended testes

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15
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

thickening of detrusor muscle
smooth muscle
involuntary
ANS

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16
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

portion of urogenital diaphragm
skeletal muscle
voluntary
controlled by somatic nervous system

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17
Q

intestinal sphincter

A

idk just remember this

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17
Q

intestinal sphincter

A

idk just remember this

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18
Q

olfaction

A

smell
olfactory receptor neurons - chemoreceptor, bipolar neurons
supporting cells
basal cells - immature cells for renewal of other cells

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19
Q

vision

A

sight
six extrinsic eye muscles
eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids (palpebrae)
conjunctiva - cover eye’s anterior surface and internal eyelid surface
lacrimal system - lacrimal gland, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct
tarsal glands

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20
Q

photoreceptors/photoreception rods and cones

A

rods - function in dim light, don’t provide sharp vision or color vision, more numerous than cones
cones - operate best in bright light, provide high acuity color vision

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21
Q

cones

A

color

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22
Q

eye dominance

A

when you use one eye more than the other, fixate on something better with one eye

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23
Q

optic disc

A

contain no rod or cone
axon exit eye
blind spot

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24
Q

auditory

A

hearing
cochlea: detect sound waves
tympanic membrane: ear drum, which vibrates after it is struck by sound waves

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25
Q

auditory

A

hearing
cochlea: detect sound waves
tympanic membrane: ear drum, which vibrates after it is struck by sound waves

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26
Q

mastication

A

chewing, saliva break down amylase

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27
Q

temporalis

A

deep muscle on temporal bone; elevates and retracts mandible

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28
Q

masseter

A

inferior to the temporalis; elevates and protracts mandible

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29
Q

medial pterygoid

A

runs vertically on inside of ramus of mandible; elevates mandible; moves mandible side to side (excursion)

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30
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

runs horizontally; superior to the medial pterygoid muscle; depresses mandible; moves mandible side to side (excursion)

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31
Q

Small large intestine

A

bile and insulin come in through duodenum
gallbladder stores bile
pancreas stores insulin
insulin released into duodenum through the major duodenal papilla

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31
Q

Small large intestine

A

bile and insulin come in through duodenum
gallbladder stores bile
pancreas stores insulin
insulin released into duodenum through the major duodenal papilla

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32
Q

salivation

A

chemical digestion oral
submandibular: 60-70%
parotid: 25-30%
Sublingual: 3-5%

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33
Q

equilibrium

A

semicircular canals

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33
Q

equilibrium

A

semicircular canals

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34
Q

sudoriferous eccrine (skin/sweat)

A

sudoriferous (sweat glands)
Eccrine glands produce watery sweat and are found all over the body. they are most numerous
apocrine glands produce viscous sweat & are found in axillary, nipple, anal, and genital areas

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35
Q

eccrine common hair

A

lanugo hair - fetal
vellus hair - fine hair on body
terminal hair - head, armpit pubic

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36
Q

apocrine secretion

A

pinched off
armpits and groin

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37
Q

sebaceous

A

oils

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38
Q

sweat glands

A

come from sebaceous glands

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38
Q

sweat glands

A

come from sebaceous glands

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39
Q

largest organ

A

skin

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40
Q

epidermis and layers

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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41
Q

skin layers

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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42
Q

diaphoresis

A

you’re sweating more than normal or you’re sweating for no clear reason

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43
Q

hyperhidrosis

A

excessive sweating

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43
Q

hyperhidrosis

A

excessive sweating

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44
Q

pigmentation

A

excessive melanocyte activity: freckles
overgrowth in melanocyte: mole
hemoglobin causes pink hue
melanocyte produce melanin

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45
Q

pit/genital/smelly - pheromones

A

make you smell bad

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46
Q

afferent

A

sensory neurons, dorsal root ganglion
toward CNS

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47
Q

efferent

A

motor, leave spinal cord

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48
Q

monosynaptic

A

straight to the spinal cord. simplest reflex - knee jerk

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49
Q

polysynaptic

A

goes to the brain (interneurons) withdrawal reflex

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50
Q

afferent

A

towards CNS

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51
Q

efferent (muscle/glands)

A

efferent information leaves the CNS
effects (muscles or glands

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52
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary
innervated skeletal muscle

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53
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary
innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

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54
Q

inhalation

A

diaphragm contracts, external intercostal, scalenes, others

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55
Q

exhalation

A

lung elastic recoil, diaphragm passively relax, abdominal wall, internal intercostal

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56
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and air. O2 diffuses from air into blood, CO2 diffuses from blood into air

57
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. O2 diffuses from blood into body cells
CO2 diffuses from body cells into blood

58
Q

micturition/urination

A

controlled by centers in the pons and sacral spinal cord
parasympathetic division stimulates it
sympathetic division inhibits it

59
Q

micturition reflex

A

stretch receptors in bladder are stimulated
internal and external urethral sphincters relax
detrusor and abdominal muscles contract

60
Q

filtration kidneys

A

nephron more in cortex
85% are cortical (cortex). most are in renal cortex
15% are juxtamedullary: cortex and medulla

61
Q

corpuscle

A

glomerulus & glomerular capsule

62
Q

renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule ,nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

63
Q

reabsorption occurs

A

bowmans and nephrons, loop of henle PCT and DCT

64
Q

sebaceous gland/oil

A

overactive glands causes acne
produces sebum

65
Q

chemical digestion

A

starting in the mouth, digestive secretions break down complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks

66
Q

mechanical digestion

A

chewing (mouth), churning (stomach), segmentation (small intestine

67
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary - sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along

68
Q

swallowing - deglutition

A

movement of food from mouth to stomach
skeletal muscle of tongue and muscles of pharynx and esophagus
voluntary phase: chewing completed, tongue moves upward and backward against palate, pushing bolus to back of cavity
pharyngeal phase: uvula and soft palate move upward and close off nasopharynx. hyoid bone and larynx elevate epiglottis folds to cover trachea
esophageal phase: entry of food into esophagus - initiation of peristalsis

69
Q

ingestion

A

soft palate and uvula rise to close off nasopharynx. blocks the trachea
bolus: chewed food

70
Q

defecation

A

large intestine waste expulsion
movement of undigested food from lining of intestines through the bowel and out the anus

71
Q

segmentation

A

small intestine. contraction of muscle of muscularis layer of alimentary canal. isolate small sections of intestine, moving contents back and forth and breaking and mixing contents. movement mixes food with digestive juices and facilitates absorption

72
Q

churning

A

in the stomach- further break it apart and expose more of its surface area to digestive juices, creating an acidic “soup” called chyme

73
Q

adrenal gland

A

top of kidney

74
Q

adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone - sodium and water retention in the kidney
cortisol - help body deal with stressful situations

75
Q

adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine - adrenaline
norepinephrine - enhance fight or flight response

76
Q

meninges brain

A

dura mater: tough outer covering
arachnoid mater: middle layer
pia mater: inner most layer

77
Q

meningitis

A

infection and inflammation of the meninges

78
Q

limbic - emotional brain

A

amygdala, fornix, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus

79
Q

peristalsis

A

smooth muscles moving contents in vas lumen
a series of wavelike contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

80
Q

propulsion

A

movement of food through digestive tract
voluntary: swallowing
involuntary: peristalsis

81
Q

vaso dilation

A

gets bigger, decrease blood pressure

82
Q

vaso constriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels, increase blood pressure

83
Q

phagocytosis

A

surrounding of foreign material by leukocytes
destroying pathogens. take organism inside itself at phagosome, fuses with lysosome, killing many pathogens
macrophage central nervous system microglial cells

84
Q

enteric nervous system

A

large network of neurons in the wall of the digestive tract (as many neurons as the spinal cord)
functions to automatically control digestive system functions
can be influenced by the ANS but also can operate independently of the brain and spinal cord

85
Q

propioception

A

position of joint or limb in space

86
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood’s formed elements
Erythropoiesis: red blood cells
Thrombopoiesis: platelets
Leukopoiesis: white blood cells
occurs in red bone marrow
erythropoietin: made by the kidney controls erythrocyte production
monoblast = monocyte
megakaryocyte = platelet

87
Q

filtration

A

renal corpuscle. HBP and leak filtration allows water and solute to move through fenestrations and podocyte filtration into Bowman’s capsule - filtrate

88
Q

excretion

A

fluid found in filtrate at the end of collecting duct is urine. move through collecting duct to renal pelvis

89
Q

reabsorption

A

99% of water and solutes return by tubular reabsorption. proximal convoluted tubule is bulk, nephron contributes

90
Q

fundus

A

top of organ away from opening

91
Q

sperm capacitation

A

break soon of acrosome fertilization
changes sperm must undergo in order to fertilize egg
period of sperm conditioning in female repro tract
prepares the acrosome for fertilization
increases motility
head is broken down a bit
step 1 of fertilization phases: corona radiata penetration (secretes things that dissolve membrane of egg)
step 2: acrosome reaction and zona pellucida penetration (tries to break in)
step 3: sperm and oocyte fuse together and create a fertilized egg

92
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

stretch reflex in tendons - Diede no splits
tells how much tension the muscle is exerting
too much tension, inhibit muscle from creating force

93
Q

hilums

A

keep vessels open in renal and pulmonary organs
connect lung to supporting structure
pulmonary vessels enter and exit your lungs
veins and arteries join in the middle

94
Q

ANS: sympathetic

A

sympathetic ganglia are near the CNS and vertebral column
fight or flight - emergency situation
exit from CNS

95
Q

ANS: parasympathetic

A

preganglionic axon synapse in parasympathetic ganglia
near or within target organ
rest and digest
conserve energy and replenish energy stores
exit from CNS - brainstem, sacral spinal cord

96
Q

podocyte

A

special fenestrations ( unlike continuous or sinusoidal) in the kidney (renal)
filtration barrier

97
Q

body cavities

A

pelvic: ovaries and testes
abdominal
thoracic-lungs
vertebral-spinal cord
cranial- brain

98
Q

upper left quadrant

A

stomach, spleen, pancreas

99
Q

upper right quadrant

A

liver and gallbladder

100
Q

lower quadrants

A

urinary bladder, intestines

101
Q

borders of perineum

A

pubic symphysis
ischial tuberosity
coccyx

102
Q

mammary gland

A

prolection - create milk
oxytocin - eject milk

103
Q

lobes and lactiferous duct

A

10-20 per breast

104
Q

areola

A

pigmented, many sebaceous glands

105
Q

3 germ layers

A

ectoderm - nervous system and skin
mesoderm - muscular and skeletal system, heart, kidney
endoderm - respiratory system and digestive system

106
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

flexible but resilient
respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi), costal cartilage, nose, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, fetal skeleton

107
Q

fibrocartilage

A

contains thick collagen fibers
shock absorber
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, articular discs of jaw

108
Q

cranial nerve with motor and sensory functions

A

trigeminal
facial
glossopharyngeal
vagus

109
Q

bursae

A

fluid filled sac, prevent friction

110
Q

apophysis

A

bony outgrowth, attachment site for ligaments or tendons

111
Q

epiphysis

A

wider section at the end of the bone

112
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

female - outside of ovary
male: lines the testes. superficial to deep tunica albuginea, visceral layer of tunica vaginalis, parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis

113
Q

prostate gland

A

citric acid - nutrient for sperm
seminalplasmin (antibiotic that combats UTI in males
prostate specific antigen

114
Q

bulbouretral gland

A

mucus - lubricant for sexual intercourse

115
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

deliver sperm into urethra - secrete and additives from prostate

116
Q

seminiferous

A

maintenance of the sperm - storage of sperm

117
Q

corpora cavernosa

A

blood vessels to help make erection

118
Q

spongiosum

A

surround urethra. help make erection and keep urethra open during erection

119
Q

dartos

A

regulate temperature of testicles

120
Q

cremaster muscle

A

regulate temperature of testis and protect from extrinsic trauma

121
Q

visceral and parietal

A

Visceral-touching organ
Parietal- on the outside, touches cavity

122
Q

menstruation phases

A

follicular phase - (1-13) FSH and LH stimulate maturation of follicle and oocyte
ovulation- day 14 LH surge cause expulsion of oocyte from ovary
luteal phase: (15-28) follicular cells turn to corpus luteum
secrete estrogen and progesterone preparing uterus for implantation
break down into white scar called corpus albicans
decrease in hormone release leads to menstruation

123
Q

lactation

A

breast supplying milk to an infant

124
Q

diarthrotic

A

freely moveable- shoulder, elbow, knuckle

125
Q

amphiarthrotic

A

slightly moveable- pubic symphysis, intervertebral

126
Q

synarthrotic

A

immoveable- tooth, skull

127
Q

fibrous

A

suture, gomphosis,
syndesmosis (amphi) - fibrous joint held by ligament

128
Q

cartilaginous

A

synchondroses (rib, synarthrotic)
symphyses - amphi, vertebral

129
Q

synovial

A

diarthrotic, bone and bone

130
Q

pampiniform

A

spermatic cord, testicular veins

131
Q

choroid plexus

A

ventricle of brain. produces CSP

132
Q

brainstem

A

Brainstem: Bidirectional passageway between cerebrum and spinal cord. Made up by the pons, medulla and midbrain
Contains many autonomic and reflex centers essential for survival
Point of attachment for cranial nerves

133
Q

medulla

A

cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center, reflex

134
Q

pituitary - anterior hormone

A

growth, metabolism, reproduction through hormones

135
Q

thalamus

A

relay station for sensory and motor information entering the cerebrum

136
Q

hypothalamus

A

BEETSHAM. behavior, emotion, endocrine, temp, sleep, hunger, autonomic, memory

137
Q

homunculus

A

-Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
-Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
-dermatomes: specific segment of skin supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves
-myotome-group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve root

138
Q

homunculus with sex organs

A

highly innervated especially glans

139
Q

hymen

A

within vagina surrounding the opening. ring or donut shape

140
Q

mucus plug

A

fills the cervix, thin during ovulation

141
Q

vagina

A

passageway for blood and tissue

142
Q

syncitiotrophoblast

A

interacts/ erodes with uterus stratum functionalis, endometrium.
burrows into the stratum functionalis of the endometrium
produce hCG (pregnancy hormone)

143
Q

sarcomere

A

thick - Actin binding site, ATP binding site, myosin molecule
thin - troponin, actin, tropomyosin, binding site for myosin, actin subunit
sarcoplasmic reticulum- ca
myofibrils - muscle cells

144
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic from the brain/uterus/vagina including genital innervation

A

genital innervation: dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris
vagina: parasympathetic
uterus: both
brain: both

145
Q

enteric/nervous system

A

blood flow, mucosal flow, endocrine secretions and immunity

Anatomy (10 decks)

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