Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Joint mobility vs stability
A
mobility - unstable
immobile - stable
2
Q
most mobile joint
A
shoulder
3
Q
most immobile
A
suture
4
Q
synarthrosis joint
A
immovable
5
Q
amphiarthrosis joint
A
slightly movable
6
Q
diarthrosis joint
A
freely movable
7
Q
fibrous joint
A
connected by fibrous tissue
8
Q
cartilaginous joint
A
connected by cartilage
9
Q
synovial joint
A
contains a fluid filled joint cavity
10
Q
structure of diarthrosis
A
synovial joint
11
Q
structure of synarthrosis and amphiarthrosis
A
fibrous, cartilaginous
12
Q
three types of fibrous joints
A
suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis
13
Q
suture
A
synarthrotic
14
Q
gomphosis
A
synarthrotic
peg in socket joint
tooth in gums
15
Q
syndesmosis
A
amphiarthrotic
bone more widely separated - held by connective tissue
tibia/fibula + ulna/radius
16
Q
types of cartilaginous joints
A
synchondroses, symphyses
17
Q
synchondroses
A
synarthrotic
joined by hyaline cartilage
rib and manubrium
18
Q
symphyses
A
amphiarthrotic
connected by fibrocartilage
between vertebrae
19
Q
synovial joint
A
diarthrotic
knee
20
Q
articular disc
A
fibrocartilage structure between articulating bone - temporomandiubular joint
21
Q
bursa
A
connective tissue sac filled with lubricating fluid
padding between joint - protect tendon from underlying bone
22
Q
tendon sheath
A
surround muscle tendon where tendon crosses joint
hold from popping out
23
Q
menisci
A
padding of the joint
large c shape
24
Q
muscle
A
stabilize the joint
25
pivot joint
rounded portion enclosed with ring
rotation around ring
atlas, axis vertebrae
26
hinge joint
end of one bone, concave other
bend and straighten along single axis
trochlear notch, humerus, knee, ankle, finger, toe
27
condyloid joint
shallow depression with round structure
knuckle, hand
bend, side to side movement
28
saddle joint
both have saddle shape
rider on saddle
thumb, sternoclavicular joint
29
plane joint
flat or slightly curve on both bones
small, tightly constrained
carpal bones, clavicle + acromion
30
ball and socket
round head, concave
hip and shoulder
31
ACL
restrict anterior displacement of tibia on femur
32
PCL
restrict posterior displacement of tibia on femur
33
LCL
prevent varus (outside) force on knee joint
34
MCL
prevent valgus (inside) force on knee joint
35
meniscus
shock absorption
36
patellar tendon
patella to tibia connection
37
bursitis
inflammation of bursa
blow or friction
38
tendonitis
inflammation of tendon or tendon sheath due to overuse
39
sprain
joint reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn
40
dislocation
bones force out of alignment
41
torn cartilage
tearing of meniscus or articular cartilage is repaired with surgery
42
arthritis
inflammatory or degenerative disease that damage joints
43
osteoarthritis
chronic degenerative condition, wear and tear of articular cartilage
44
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease, chronic inflammatory disorder
45
finger (interphalangeal)
synovial, hinge, diarthosis
46
knuckle (metacarpophalangeal)
synovial, condyloid, diarthosis
47
knee (tibiofemoral)
synovial, hinge, diarthosis
48
axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
49
appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb
50
skull
frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible
51
cranial fossae
anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa
52
coronal suture
straight across on crown
53
lambdoid suture
back suture
54
sagital suture
middle split left and right
55
squamous suture
over temporal bone
56
fontanelle
soft spot on infants head
disappears by age 2
57
anterior fontanelle
right on top - coronal and parietal suture
58
sphenoid fontanelle
by frontal and temporal bone
59
mastoid fontanelle
temporal and occipital
60
posterior fontanelle
occipital and parietal
61
Ethmoid sinus
under cribriform plate
62
frontal sinus
above eyebrows
63
maxillary sinus
within maxillary bone
64
sphenoid sinus
midline sinus
65
sinus functions (4)
make skull lighter
resonate sound
lined with mucous membrane
mucus drains into nasal cavity warms and humidifies the air
66
four vertebral curvatures from superior to inferior
cervical curvature - concave posterior
thoracic curvature - concave anterior
lumbar curvature - concave posterior
sacral curvature - concave anterior
67
regions of the vertebrae
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
68
cervical vertebrae
7
69
thoracic vertebrae
12
70
lumbar vertebrae
5
71
scoliosis
lateral curvature, twisting of vertebrae (s)
72
anterior longitudinal ligament
anterior side
resist excess backward bending
73
supraspinous ligament
posterior side
support vertebral column during bending
74
posterior longitudinal ligament
anterior to spinal cord
support vertebral column bending forward
75
ligamentum flavus
posterior to spinal cord
support vertebral column bending forward
76
anulus fibrosus
tough outer layer of the disc
77
nucleus pulposus
gel- like material on inside
78
herniated disc
nucleus pulposus protrudes through anulus fibrosis
79
most common place for herniate disc
between L3 and L4
80
true ribs
1-7
81
false ribs
8-12
82
floating ribs
11-12
83
pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula
bones are light and thin
connect to axial skeleton at sternoclavicular joint - highly moveable
84
upper limb
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
85
how many carpals in hand
8
86
how many metacarpals in hand
5
87
how many phalanges in hand
14
88
pelvic girdle
os coxae
bones heavy and thick
axial skeleton at sacroiliac joint
89
lower limb
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, meta tarsals, phalanges
90
how many tarsals in foot
7
91
how many metatarsals in foot
5
92
how many phalanges in foot
14
93
characteristics of cartilage
semirigid, weaker than bone
flexible yet resilient - elastic fibers
avascular -no blood vessels
nutrients through diffusion
94
functions of cartilage
support soft tissue
articular surface for joints
mode for endochondral bone formation
95
condroblast
cells that produce cartilage matrix
96
chondrocyte
mature cartilage cells that reside in lacunae
97
extracellular matrix
protein fibers embedded in gel like ground substance
98
perichondrium
dense irregular connective tissue
99
structure of cartilage superior to inferior
perichondrium
chondroblast
chondrocyte
extracellular matrix
100
hyaline cartilage
flexible but resilient
101
where is hyaline cartilage?
larynx
trachea
bronchi
costal cartilage
nose
articular cartilage
epiphyseal plate
fetal skeleton
102
fibrocartilage
thick collagen fibers
shock absorber
103
where is fibrocartilage
intervertebral disc
pubic symphysis
menisci
articular disc of jaw
104
elastic cartilage
contain elastic fibers
provides flexibility
105
where is elastic cartilage
epiglottis and external ear
least abundant
106
Bone matrix
osseous connective tissue
107
bone cell
osteocytes
108
bone matrix organic
osteoid - collagen and other proteins
109
bone matrix inorganic
hydroxyapatite - calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide
110
functions of bone
support body - framework
protect vital organs
facilitate movement
hematopoiesis - red bone marrow
mineral and energy storage
111
long bone
longer than wide
function - lever, move when muscles contract
112
short bone
cube shape
functions - stability and support
limited motion
113
flat bone
thin, or curved
point of attachment
protect internal organs
114
irregular bone
not easily characterized
vertebrae - support spinal cord, compressive force support
115
sesamoid bone
small round bone, form in tendons
feet, hand knee
patella only universal one
116
long bone example
humerus, femur, tibia, metatarsals
117
short bone example
carpal, tarsal
118
flat bone example
skull, scapulae, sternum, rib
119
irregular bone example
vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxae, ethmoid, sphenoid
120
sesamoid bone
patella, small bones in tendons
121
articular cartilage
cover epiphyses
reduce friction, shock absorber
122
apophysis
bony outgrowth - attachment site for ligament/ tendon
123
metaphysis
where epiphysis meets the diaphysis
124
spongy bone
fills epiphysis
125
endosteum
membranous lining
growth, repair, remodeling occur
126
compact bone
walls of diaphysis
127
diaphysis
tubular shaft
128
periosteum
outer surface of bone
129
medullary cavity
hollow region filled with yellow marrow
130
epiphyseal line
bone stops growing cartilage replaced by osseous tissue and plate is epiphyseal line
131
distal epiphysis
wide section at end of bone filled with spongy bone
132
compact/cortical bone
lined by periosteum
composed of osteons
133
spongy/ cancellous bone
lined by endosteum
composed of trabeculae
red bone marrow
134
flat bone structure
periosteum, compact, spongy, compact, periosteum
135
osteocyte
maintains bone tissue
136
osteoblast
forms bone matrix - build and maintain bone
137
osteogenic cell
stem cell
138
osteoclast
resorb bone - break down bone
139
blood nerve and supply of bone
bone vascularized and innervated
nutrient blood vessels and nerves enter through nutrient foramina
140
Osteon
mechanical support – resist force
141
Lamellae
mechanical support and distribute stress
142
Central canal
transport blood vessels and nerves
143
Osteocyte
maintain bone tissue
144
Lacunae
house osteocytes
145
Canaliculi
facilitate nutrient and waste exchange
146
Perforating canal
transport blood vessels and nerves
147
compact bone system
nutrients to be transported to the osteocytes and wastes to be removed from them
148
bone remodeling
trabecular in spongy bone undergo remodeling in response to line of stress to provide strength to bone
osteoblast and osteoclast are responsible for trabecular remodeling
149
cells involved in remodeling
osteons, trabeculae, osteoclasts, endosteum, osteoblasts
150
intramembranous ossification
bone growth within a membrane
flat bones of skull, facial bones, mandible, clavicle
151
endochondral ossification
bone replaces hyaline cartilage
takes longer
femur, tibia, fibula
152
intramembranous ossification steps
1. ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme
2. secreted osteoid traps osteoblast - become osteocyte, osteoid undergoes calcification
3. trabecular matrix and periosteum form
4. compact bone develops superficial to trabecular bone
153
endochondral ossification steps
1. primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
2. secondary ossification center from in epiphyses
3. bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
154
length growth
interstitial growth
at epiphyseal plate
155
width growth
appositional growth
periosteum and endosteum
156
osteomalacia (rickets)
lack of mineralization of bone results in low bone density
caused by vitamin D or calcium deficiency
called rickets in children
bowed legs - soft and weak
157
osteoporosis
excessive bone resorption
aged and post menopause
decrease bone mass
158
largest body organ
skin
159
layers of skin
epidermis and dermis
160
size and thickness of skin
a. 1.5-2 m2 of skin
b. thickness is 1.5-4 mm
161
integument functions
protection
prevent dehydration
sensation
temperature regulation
vitamin d synthesis
162
accessory structures of integumentary system
- Hair
- Nails
- Skin
- Sweat glands
- Sebaceous glands
163
epidermis
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
164
dermis
connective tissue - houses blood vessels, hair sweat
165
hypodermis
directly below dermis, connect skin to fascia
166
layers of integument
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
167
Stratum corneum
superficial, shed periodically replaced by granulosum pushing up – replaced every 4 weeks
168
Stratum lucidum
thick skin in palms and soles – dead and flat keratinocyte
169
Stratum granulosum
flatter, generate protein keratin
170
Stratum spinosum
epidermal dendritic cells
join cells via desmosome
171
Stratum basale
melanocytes and tactile - Merkel cells
deepest layer, bond to dermis
172
skin layers superficial to deep
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum - hand and feet only
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
173
hemoglobin
cause pink hue
oxygen binding protein found in blood
174
melanin
produced by melanocytes
174
melanin
produced by melanocytes
175
papillary layer
areolar connective tissue
176
reticular layer
dense irregular connective tissue
177
dermis
papillary on top - closer together
reticular on bottom - spread out
vascular
innervated
178
hypodermis structure
areolar and adipose connective tissue
not part of integument
179
hypodermis function
anchor skin to underlying structure
thermal insulation
energy reservoir
180
tissue in hypodermis
subcutaneous tissue
181
tissue in epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium
182
nail structure
free edge
nail bed
lunula
cuticle
proximal nail fold
183
nail function
scale-like modification of epidermis
contain hard keratin
184
hair shaft layer
medulla,
cortex,
cuticle
deep to superficial
185
hair structure
hair shaft - sticks out
hair root
hair follicle
hair bulb
186
what is hair composed of
hard keratin
187
lanugo
fetal hair
falls off after birth
188
vellus hair
fine hair on most of body
189
terminal hair
head, armpit, pubic, Male facial
190
hair functions
protection, sensation, reduce heat loss
191
growth cycle
anagen phase
catagen phase
telogen phase
repeat
192
anagen phase
hair actively grows
2-7 years
193
catagen phase
transition phase - follicle shrinks
2-3 weeks
194
telogen phase
follicle inactive
stop growing and is shed
2-4 months
195
sebaceous glands
produce sebum
oil in skin
196
sudoriferous glands
eccrine glands produce watery sweat all over body
197
apocrine glands
viscous sweat in armpit, nipple, anal, genital
198
acne
rich in sebaceous glands - face and back
199
first degree burn
damage epidermis
200
second degree burn
damage epidermis and part of dermis
201
third degree burn
damage entire epidermis and dermis
202
basal cell carcinoma
most common skin cancer
least dangerous
originate inh stratum basale
203
malignant melanoma
most deadly
melanocytes - mole
early detection is crucial
204
nevus
mole or birthmark
overgrowth of melanin - forming cells
harmless unless it mutates and becomes malignant
205
freckles
yellow or brow spots from excessive melanocyte activity, not increased melanocyte
206
scarring
damaged skin replaced by fibrous tissue - collagen produced by fibroblasts
207
wrinkles
loss of collagen and elastic fiber
decreased thickness of dermis
skin less springy
208
characteristic of cell
organisms formed in cells
create tissue and organs
completes cell division to replicate
209
functions of the cell
form layers
storage
movement
connections
protection
communication
reproduction
210
four tissue types
nervous
epithelial
muscle
connective
211
nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord, nerves
212
muscle tissue
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle
213
epithelial tissue
lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs - skin surface
214
connective tissue
fat and other soft padding tissue
bone
tendon
215
epithelial tissue characteristics
cellular, minimal extracellular matrix
polarity - spiral and basal surface
attach to basement membrane
avascular
regeneration - high regenerative capacity
216
epithelial function
physical protection
selective permeability
secretion
217
tight junctions
seal cells together, materials can't slip between
218
gap junctions
intercellular passage between membrane of adjacent cells to facilitate movement of small molecules
219
anchoring junctions
strong flexible connection
- desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
adherens
220
pre-embryonic period
weeks 1-2
221
embryonic period
weeks 3-8
222
fetal period
weeks 9-38
223
inner cell mass destination
embryo
224
trophoblast destination
placenta
225
anatomy
scientific study of body's structure
226
physiology
function - chemistry and physics of body
227
gross anantomy
study of larger structures - visible w/o magnification
228
microscopic anatomy
study of structures which are only seen with magnification device
229
cytology
study of cells
230
histology
study of tissues
231
levels of body organization
atom
molecule
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
232
atom
smallest unit of substance
hydrogen atom
233
molecule
2 or more atoms
water molecule
234
cell
smaller independently functioning unit of living organism
smooth muscle cell
235
tissue
group of many similar cells
smooth muscle tissue
236
organ
distinct struct of body composed of 2 or more tissue types
bladder
237
organ system
group of organisms working together to perform major functions
urinary tract system
238
organism
highest level of organization - living being with cellular structure
human
239
integumentary system
encloses internal body structures
site of many sensory receptors
hair, skin, nail
240
skeletal system
support the body
enable movement w/muscular system
cartilage, bone, joint
241
muscular system
enable movement w/skeletal system
maintain body temp
muscle and tendon
242
nervous system
detect and processes sensory info
activate bodily response
brain, spinal cord, nerve
243
endocrine system
secretes hormone
regulate bodily process
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, testes, ovaries
244
male reproductive system
produce sex hormone and gamete
deliver gamete to female
epididymis and testes
245
cardiovascular system
deliver oxygen and nutrient to tissue
equalize temp in body
heart and blood vessels
246
respiratory system
remove carbon dioxide from body
deliver oxygen to blood
nasal cavity, trachea, lungs
247
lymphatic system
return fluid to blood
defend against pathogens
thymus, lymph node, spleen, lymphatic vessels
248
digestive system
processes food for use by the body
remove waste from undigested food
stomach, liver, gallbladder, intestines
249
urinary system
control water balance in body
remove waster from blood
kidney, urinary bladder
250
female reproductive system
produce sex hormone and gamete
support embryo/fetus until birth
produce milk for infant
mammary gland, ovaries, uterus
251
anterior
ventral
252
posterior
dorsal
253
superior
rostral
254
cranial
cephalic - toward head
255
inferior
caudal
256
types of tissue membrane
mucous
serous
cutaneous
synovial
257
mucous membrane
line digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tract
258
serous membrane
line body cavities closed to exterior of body
peritoneal
pleural
pericardial cavities
259
cutaneous membrane
skin (cute)
260
synovial membrane
line joint cavities and produce fluid within joint
261
serous membrane
visceral and parietal layer
parietal on outside
visceral closer to organ
262
pre embryonic period of development
oocyte ovulated from ovary
sperm enters oocyte and fertilization occurs
fertilized egg called zygote
zygote continue toward uterus
zygote undergoes cell division (cleavage)
morula: mass contains 16 cells
cell secretes fluid and organizes around blastocoel
referred to as blastocyst
group of cells form to inner cell mass - embryo
trophoblast - outer shell that becomes placenta
263
where does pregnancy begin
fertilization
264
implantation
end of pre-embyonic period
265
successful implantation
superficial cells of trophoblast fuse with each other to create syncytiotrophoblast
266
trophoblast anatomy
cytotrophoblast
syncytiotrophoblast
267
trophoblast functions
burrows into uterine lining during implantation
build chorion that surrounds embryo and fetus
help form placenta
268
what layer becomes embryo
epiblast
269
cytotrophoblast
cells that remain as individual cells
270
what occurs during the fetal period
growth and maturation of existing organs
271
organogenesis
organ development follows gastrulation and body folding
upper and lower limbs form
rudimentary organ systems have developed by week 8
embryo one inch long by week 8
272
neurulation
Mesoderm notochord induces ectoderm cells to thicken and become neural plate
Tissue on either side of plate fold upward producing a neural groove
Two folds become neural tube
Block structure form on either side of tube – axial and skeletal muscle, and dermis
Neural tube becomes brain (cephalic) and spinal cord (caudal)
Surface ectoderm become the epithelium
273
transverse folding
fold inward
274
cephalocaudal folding
head and tail folding
275
ectoderm
nervous system and skin
top layer
276
mesoderm
muscular and skeletal system, kidney, heart
middle
277
endoderm
respiratory system, digestive system
bottom layer
278
gastrulation
o Embryo creates indentation
o Cells migrate down
o Two layers turns into 3 layers
279
primitive streak
indentation
280
embryonic period
primitive streak
gastrulation
body folding
neurulation
limb buds form
organogenesis
281
bilaminar disc
epiblast
hypoblast
282
scurvy
nutritional disorder
vitamin c deficiency
collagen fibers can't form
weak gums, teeth, bones, internal mucosa
wounds and fractures don't heal well
prevalent among sailors
283
Marfan syndrome
genetic disease
abnormalities in fibrillar - protein that builds elastic fibers
skeletal, cardio, vision, connective tissue abnormalities
tall thin with long legs, arm, finger, toes
die by age 50 because of heart weakness
284
gangrene
affect limb, finger, toes
lack of blood flow due to mechanical injury, bacterial infection, diabetes
285
merocrine secretion
secretion enclosed in vesicle - goes out the top
286
apocrine secretion
whole top part is pinched off
287
holocrine secretion
destroys the entire gland
288
supportive connective tissue structure - cartilage
semi solid matrix containing chondrocytes
289
supportive connective tissue function - cartilage
support and flexibility, absorb compression
290
supportive connective tissue location - cartilage
end of long bone, trachea, intervertebral disc, external ear
291
supportive connective tissue structure - bone
calcified, solid matrix containing osteocytes
292
supportive connective tissue function - bone
protection, support, movement, store calcium
293
supportive connective tissue location
bone
294
fluid connective tissue structure
red blood cells, platelets, water based ground substance is plasma
295
fluid connective tissue function
transport gas, nutrient, waste, participate in immune response and blood clotting
296
fluid connective tissue location
blood vessels and heart
297
cells in cartilage, bone, blood
cartilage and bone - supportive connective tissue
blood - fluid connective tissue
298
adipose tissue structure
loose extracellular matrix
299
adipose tissue function
store energy, protection, cushion, insulate
300
adipose tissue location
surround organ, subcutaneous tissue
301
reticular tissue structure
white blood cell, fibroblast, reticular fiber, ground substance
302
reticular tissue function
supportive framework
303
reticular tissue location
lymph node, spleen, bone marrow
304
areolar tissue structure
fibroblast, collagen, elastic fiber, abundant ground substance
305
areolar tissue structure
fibroblast, collage, elastic fiber, abundant ground substance
306
areolar tissue function
surrounds and protects organs, loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues
307
areolar tissue location
subcutaneous tissue, dermis of skin
308
dense regular connective tissue structure
dense, parallel collagen fiber, fibroblast, sparse, ground substance
309
dense regular connective tissue function
resists stress in one direction
310
dense regular connective tissue location
tendon and ligament
311
dense irregular connective tissue structure
collagen fibers randomly arranged, fibroblast, sparse ground substance
312
dense irregular connective tissue function
resist stress in all direction
313
dense irregular connective tissue location
dermis of skin, organ capsules
314
dense elastic tissue structure
dense elastic fibers, fibroblasts
315
dense elastic tissue function
allows stretching
316
dense elastic tissue location
walls of large arteries and airways
316
dense elastic tissue location
walls of large arteries and airways
317
three fiber types in connective tissue proper
connective tissue proper
supporting connective tissue
fluid connective tissue
318
Extracellular matrix
large amount of material produced by connective tissue cells that are embedded within
319
Ground substance
usually fluid – major component of matrix
320
connective tissue proper
loose
dense
321
supporting connective tissue
cartilage
bone
322
fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph
323
connective tissue structure
sparse cells in extracellular matrix
324
connective tissue function
physical protection
support and framework
binding of structures
storage
transport (blood)
immune protection
325
exocrine gland
ducts secrete products onto epithelial surface
326
endocrine glands
ductless
cells secrete products into interstitial fluid and bloodstream
form endocrine system
327
simple squamous function
diffusion
filtration
328
simple squamous location
alveoli
lining of blood vessels
serous membrane
329
simple cuboidal function
absorption
secretion
330
simple cuboidal location
kidney tubules
glands
331
simple columnar function
absorption
secretion
movement
332
simple columnar location
333
simple columnar location
lining of stomach, intestine
lining of uterine tubes
334
stratified squamous function
protection
335
stratified squamous location
epidermis of skin
lining of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina
336
pseudostratified columnar function
protection
movement
337
pseudostratified columnar location
lining of respiratory tract
338
transitional function
distention
relaxation
339
transitional location
lining of uterus, bladder, urethra
340
simple epithelia
one layer
341
stratified epithelia
many layers
342
psudostratified
tall and skinny
