Exam 2 Vocab

Question 1

Tissue membrane

Answer 1

Thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the body, organs, joint cavities, and internal passageways

Question 2

Cutaneous Membrane

Answer 2

The body

Question 3

Serous Membranes

Answer 3

Organs

Question 4

Mucous Membranes

Answer 4

Internal passageways that lead to exterior if the body

Question 5

Synovial Membranes

Answer 5

Joint cavities

Question 6

Keratinocytes

Answer 6

Manufacture and store keratin

Question 7

Keratin

Answer 7

Hard protein that gives skin strength and resists water

Question 8

Melanocytes

Answer 8

Produce the pigment melanin

Question 9

Melanin

Answer 9

Protects the DNA of skin cells from UV radiation

Question 10

Albinism

Answer 10

Genetic disorder where melanocytes cannot produce melanin

Question 11

Vitiligo

Answer 11

Some melanocytes lose ability to make melanin

Question 12

Jaundice

Answer 12

Yellow tinge to skin and eyes

Question 13

Cyanosis

Answer 13

Caused by lack of oxygen in the blood

Question 14

Erythema

Answer 14

Reddening of skin due to increased blood flow to skin

Question 15

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 15

Affects actively dividing stem cells in the deepest layer of the epidermis

Question 16

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 16

Affects keratinocytes in middle layers of the epidermis

Question 17

Melanoma

Answer 17

Uncontrolled growth of melanocytes

Question 18

Acne

Answer 18

Caused by clogged hair follicles associated with sebaceous glands

Question 19

Scar

Answer 19

Collagen-rich skin formed during wound healing

Question 20

Keloid

Answer 20

Overproduction of scar tissue

Question 21

Bed sores

Answer 21

Caused by constant, long term pressure on bony parts of the body

Question 22

Calluses

Answer 22

Caused by friction

Question 23

Osteoblasts

Answer 23

Forms new bone

Question 24

Osteoclasts

Answer 24

Breaks down bone for remodeling

Question 25

Osteon

Answer 25

Structural unit of compact bone

Question 26

Central canal

Answer 26

Hole for blood vessels and nerves

Question 27

Perforating canal

Answer 27

Branches off central canal at right angles to deliver blood to all parts of the bone

Question 28

Lamellae

Answer 28

Concentric rings if hardened matrix surrounding central canal

Question 29

Lacunae

Answer 29

Spaces in lamellae housing osteocytes

Question 30

Canaliculi

Answer 30

Small canals that connect lacunae

Question 31

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 31

From mesenchymal tissue to bone

Question 32

Endochondral ossification

Answer 32

From cartilage to bone

Question 33

Longitudinal bone growth

Answer 33

Occurs at epiphyseal plate; cartilage grows

Question 34

Appositional growth

Answer 34

Bone grows in diameter

Question 35

Bone remodeling

Answer 35

Bones respond to stress, occurs throughout adulthood

Question 36

Fibrous joints

Answer 36

Adjacent bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue

Question 37

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 37

Adjacent bones connected by cartilage

Question 38

Synovial joints

Answer 38

Adjacent bones connected by joint cavity

Question 39

Articular capsule

Answer 39

Fibrous connective tissue that forms walls of joint cavity

Question 40

Synovial membrane

Answer 40

Lines inner surface of articular capsule; produces synovial fluid and lubricates joint

Question 41

Articular cartilage

Answer 41

Covers surface of epiphysis; protects

Question 42

Excitability

Answer 42

Ability to contract in response to a stimulus

Question 43

Elasticity

Answer 43

Able to return to its resting length after conrtacting

Question 44

Extensibility

Answer 44

Able to stretch beyond its resting length

Question 45

Contractility

Answer 45

Able to shorten with force

Question 46

Endomysium

Answer 46

Surrounds each individual muscle fiber

Question 47

Perimysium

Answer 47

Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called “fascicles”

Question 48

Epimysium

Answer 48

Surrounds the entire muscle

Question 49

Sarcolemma

Answer 49

Cell membrane in muscle

Question 50

Sarcoplasm

Answer 50

Cytoplasm in muscle

Question 51

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 51

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 52

Myofibrils

Answer 52

Bundles of myofliaments packed within sarcoplasm

Question 53

Myofilaments

Answer 53

Contractile proteins actin and myosin

Question 54

Sarcomeres

Answer 54

Functional contractile unit of muscle fiber; area between 2 Z lines

Question 55

Actin

Answer 55

Binding sites for myosin

Question 56

Tropomyosin

Answer 56

Wrapped around actin; blocks binding sites

Question 57

Troponin

Answer 57

Attached to tropomyosin; has calcium receptors

Question 58

Myosin

Answer 58

Heads bind to sites in actin

Question 59

ACh

Answer 59

Neurotransmitters

Question 60

Hypertrophy

Answer 60

Increased muscle mass

Question 61

Atrophy

Answer 61

Decreased muscle mass

Question 62

Recruitment

Answer 62

More motor units can be activated at the same time to create more muscle tension

Question 63

Tetanus

Answer 63

Frequency of stimulation is maxed out

Question 64

Origin

Answer 64

End of muscle attached to a fixed (non-moving) structure/bone

Question 65

Insertion

Answer 65

End of muscle attached to a movable structure/bone

Question 66

Prime mover (agonist)

Answer 66

Primary muscle involved in an action

Question 67

Synergist

Answer 67

Muscle that assists the prime mover in an action

Question 68

Fixator

Answer 68

Muscle that stabilizes a bone to act as an origin for another muscle

Question 69

Antagonist

Answer 69

Muscles that oppose the prime mover

Question 70

Peristalsis

Answer 70

Rhythmic contractions; moves material in one direction through a structure