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Biology Of Psychologal Disorders > EXAM 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition: A set of symptoms in which a person’s mental capability, affective response and the capacity to recognize reality, communicate and relate it to others are impaired

A

Psychosis

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2
Q

What are these Symptoms of?
Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized Speech, Disorganized Behavior, Gross Distortions of Reality

A

Psychosis

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3
Q

Definition: A false belief of judgment about external reality, held despite incontrovertible evidence to the contrary, occurring especially in mental conditions

A

Delusion

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4
Q

What are types of delusions?

A
  • Persecution
  • Reference
  • Grandiosity
  • Somatic
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5
Q

What is the most common type of hallucination?

A

auditory

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6
Q

What is the most common type of delusions?

A

Persecutory

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7
Q

What are persecutory delusions?

A

where an individual may believe that they are being targeted or harmed

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8
Q

Definition: sensory perceptions without an external stimulus

A

Hallucinations

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9
Q

What are perceptual distortions?

A

reporting that familiar things and people seem different to someone even though they are not different

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10
Q

True or false:

Both hallucinations and perceptual distortions can happen with any of the 5 senses

A

True

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11
Q

What are the following examples of?
- rigid posture
- signs of tension
- inappropriate grins or giggles
- repetitive gestures
- mumbling to oneself
- glancing around as if they’re hearing voices

A

motor disturbances

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of paranoid psychosis?

A
  • paranoid projection
  • hostile belligerence
  • grandiose expression
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13
Q

what is paranoid projection?

A

delusional beliefs that people are talking about/conspiring against you

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14
Q

what is hostile belligerence?

A

Verbal expression of hostility

ex: being overly rude and hostile in inappropriate situations

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15
Q

What is grandiose expression?

A

super big ego where they think they’re superior to everyone in the room

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16
Q

What type of psychosis do these symptoms represent?

  • conceptual disorganization
  • irrelevant or incoherent answers
  • drifting from the subject
  • using neologisms
  • repeating certain words or phrases
  • disorientation
  • excitement (expressing feeling without restraint)
A

Disorganized Excited Psychosis

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of depressive psychosis?

A
  • apathy
  • retardation
  • slowed speech
  • very quiet when speaking
  • fixed facial expressions
  • anxious
  • self punishment/ self blame
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18
Q

how long do symptoms of schizophrenia need to last for before making a diagnosis?

A

6 months

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19
Q

how long do the following symptoms need to last before classifying schizophrenia?

  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized speech
  • grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
  • negative symptoms
A

1 month

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20
Q

What percentage of chance is it for a monozygotic twin to get schizophrenia if their twin has it?

A

48% likely

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21
Q

What percentage of chance is it for a sibling (non-twin) to get schizophrenia if their sibling has it?

A

9%

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22
Q

What are the five subcategories of schizophrenia?

A
  • positive symptoms
  • negative symptoms
  • Cognitive symptoms
  • aggressive/hostile symptoms
  • depressive and anxious symptoms
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23
Q

Positive symptoms

A

involve excess of normal function

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24
Q

negative symptoms

A

a reduction of normal function

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25
Q

Cognitive symptoms

A

involves issues with thoughts and attention

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26
Q

aggressive/hostile symptoms

A

problems with impulse control

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27
Q

depressive and anxious symtpoms

A

involved depression and anxiety

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28
Q

Primary vs Secondary symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Primary: caused by the disorder
Secondary: caused by outside factors such as the drug

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29
Q

What are the 5 A’s associated with negative symptoms?

A
  • Alogia
  • Avolition
  • Associability
  • Anhedonia
  • Affective blunting/flattening
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30
Q

What is Alogia?

A

dysfunction of communication

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31
Q

What is Avolition?

A

a reduction in desire, motivation, or persistence

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32
Q

What is Associability?

A

reduction in social drive and interaction

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33
Q

What is Anhedonia?

A

reduction in the ability to experience pleasure

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34
Q

What is Affective blunting/flattening?

A

restriction in the range and density of emotional expression

35
Q

What are indoleamines derived from?

A

tryptophan

36
Q

What is an example of an indoleamine?

A

serotonin

37
Q

What are catecholamines derived from?

A

tyrosine

38
Q

What is the first step of catecholamine biosynthesis?

A

L-tyrosine -> L-dopa
via tyrosine hydroxylase

39
Q

What is the second step of catecholamine biosynthesis?

A

L-dopa -> Dopamine
via dopa-decarboxylase

40
Q

What is the third step of catecholamine biosynthesis?

A

Dopamine -> Norepinephrine
via dopamine beta hydroxylase

41
Q

What is the fourth step of catecholamine biosynthesis?

A

Norepinephrine -> Epinephrine
via Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

42
Q

What is End Product Inhibition?

A

A regulatory mechanism where the end product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme involved in its own synthesis

43
Q

What is the rate limiting step of Catecholamine biosynthesis?

A

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

44
Q

What enzyme does End Product Inhibition?

A

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

45
Q

What do MAO and catechol methyltransferase both inactivate

A

catecholamines

46
Q

What are isoenzymes?

A

closely related enzymes aka in the same enzyme family

47
Q

What is MAO-A selective for?

A

serotonin and norepinephrine

48
Q

What is MAO-B selective for?

A

it acts on a broader spectrum of phenylamines

49
Q

Does MAO-A or MAO-B break down dopamine?

A

MAO-B

50
Q

Out of the 5, which dopamine receptors are D1-like?

A

D1 and D5

51
Q

D1-like receptors are ____ protein coupled which leads to activation of adenylyl cyclase and an _____ of CAMP

A

Gs; increase

52
Q

Which dopamine receptors are D2-like?

A

D2, D3, and D4

53
Q

D2-like receptors are ___ protein coupled which leads to the Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a _____ of CAMP

A

Gi; decrease

54
Q

Name the five dopamine pathways

A
  • mesocortical
  • mesolimbic
  • nigrostriatal
  • tuberoinfundibular
  • thalamus-dopamine system
55
Q

What is the mesocortical pathway for?

A

Cognitive functions

56
Q

What is the mesolimbic pathway for?

A

pleasure and reward

57
Q

What is the nigrostriatal pathway for?

A

movement

58
Q

what is the tuberoinfundibular pathway for?

A

prolactin release

59
Q

What is the thalamus-dopamine pathway for?

A

sensory information

60
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia?

A

Drugs that increase dopamine will enhance/produce positive psychotic symptoms, and drugs and decrease dopamine will decrease or stop positive psychotic symptoms

61
Q

Which dopamine pathways does the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia involve?

A

mesolimbic pathway

62
Q

Conventional antipsychotics are D2 receptor agonist or antagonists?

A

antagonist

63
Q

The __________ pathway is associated with the negative symptoms due to a deficiency in dopamine

A

mesocortical

64
Q

What does Neuroleptic Induced Deficit Syndrome refer to?

A

negative symptoms being worsened by drugs that reduce dopamine

65
Q

What specifically is the extrapyramidal system involved in?

A

involuntary motor actions

66
Q

What does hyperactivity of the extrapyramidal system induce?

A
  • chorea
  • dyskinesia
  • tics
67
Q

What does dopamine deficiency in the extrapyramidal system induce?

A
  • rigidity
  • akinesia
  • bradykinesia
68
Q

What is characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movement that involves the nigrostriatal pathway?

A

tardive dyskinesia

69
Q

What can cause tardive dyskinesia?

A

chronic treatment with neuroleptics that block dopamine receptors and cause upregulation

70
Q

What is hyperprolactinemia?

A

increased prolactin levels

71
Q

What three things is hyperprolactinemia associated with?

A
  • galactorrhea
  • amenorrhea
  • sexual dysfunction
72
Q

What is galactorrhea?

A

spontaneous flow of milk from the breast that is not associated with childbirth or nursing

73
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age

74
Q

a blockade of what receptor reduced extrapyramidal symptoms?

A

muscarinic receptor

75
Q

Do dopamine and acetylcholine receptors interact with one another at muscarinic receptors?

A

yes

76
Q

Are kinate receptors excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Both!
- Post-synaptically, they are excitatory
- Presynaptically, they are inhibitory

77
Q

mGluR group 1 receptors are (pre/post)-synaptic and are (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

post; excitatory

78
Q

mGluR groups 2 and 3 are both pre and postsynaptic and are strictly ____________-

A

inhibitory

79
Q

What do enlarged ventricles, reduced gray matter, and less volume of the amygdala and hippocampus indicate?

A

schizophrenia

80
Q

is schizophrenia associated with apoptosis, necrosis, or gliosis?

A

apoptosis

81
Q

What is oxidative stress?

A

damage to cells caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS)

82
Q

What is Superoxide?

A

it is a ROS and a free radical, meaning it has unpaired valence electrons and is unstable

83
Q

What are the three forms of superoxide and where are are they active

A
  • SOD-1 (cytoplasm)
  • SOD-2 (mitochondria)
  • SOD-3 (extracellular space)
84
Q

What is an antagonists that inhibits NMDA?

A

ketamine

Biology Of Psychologal Disorders (3 decks)

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