Exam 1 Notes Flashcards
Are vesicles and mitochondria transported quickly or slowly?
Quickly
What are other examples of quickly transported things?
- fast transport motor
- amino acid decarboxylase
- tryptophan hydroxylase
- monoamine oxidase
- synaptic vesicles
- serotonin
What type of neuron does this describe?
Dendrite and axon emerging from the same process
unipolar or pseudounipolar
What type of neuron does this describe?
Single axon and single dendrite on opposite ends of the soma
Bipolar
If a neuron has more than two dendrites, it is considered to be?
multipolar
Golgi I and Golgi II are both types of multipolar neurons. Which one involves neurons with long-projecting axonal processes?
Golgi I
Golgi I and Golgi II are both types of multipolar neurons. Which one involves neurons whose axonal process projects locally?
Golgi II
What do modulatory neurons do?
they modify synaptic transmission
What are two examples of modulatory neurons?
- dopamine
- serotonin
True or False:
Afferent neurons are associated with motor neurons and Efferent neurons are associates with sensory neurons
FALSE
Afferent = Sensory
Efferent = Motor
*Think of the acronym SAME
Do afferent neurons receive info or send it out?
receive
What are interneurons?
they connect neurons within specific regions of the central nervous system
What type of connective neuron is also involved in reflexes?
interneurons
At what location are ribosomes made and where DNA lives?
the nucleus
True or False
There are proteins in axons
FALSE
Where are proteins synthesized?
The soma
Anterograde transport involves sending information from the _____ to the ________
soma, terminal
Retrograde transport involves sending information from the _____ to the ____
terminal; soma
True or False
Anterograde is 2x as fast as Retrograde transmission
True
________ can also perform local protein synthesis for specific purposes like plasticity
Dendrites
What type of transport do growth factors tend to use?
rapid retrograde transport
Why do we need retrograde transport?
- we need growth factor to go back to the soma
What type of glial cells are immune cells of the CNS?
Microglia
What are the two kinds of macroglia in the CNS?
- oligodendrocytes
- Astrocytes
What kind of macroglia is in the PNS?
schwann cells
What is the origin of microglia?
the immune system
How do radial astrocytes help neurons get where they need to go?
they use biomarkers
Are DNA and RNA positive or negative?
Negative
What charge do proteins typically have?
negative charge
What tendency do particles have?
to move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Reduction (toward zero) of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential:
Depolarization
An increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the normal resting potential:
Hyperpolarization
The passive conduction of electrical current, in a decremental fashion, down the length of an axon:
Cable Properties
What is the result of depolarization?
action potential
True or false:
There is no such thing as a bigger or smaller action potential
True
True or False
A channel can be either voltage dependent or ligand dependent, but not both
False
A specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave cells
Ion Channel
An ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential
Voltage-dependent ion channel
The principle that once an action potential is triggered in an axon, it is propagated, without decrement, to the end of the fiber
all-or-none law
Conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. The action potential appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next
Saltatory conduction
The principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which that axon fires
rate law
A greater frequency of Action potential = ___________ signal
A lesser frequency of Action potential = ________ signal
stronger, weaker
a greater population of neurons = ___________ signal
a lesser population of neurons = ____________ signal
stronger, weaker
What two things does Intensity rely on?
- frequency of the action potential
- Population Code
small molecule created in the presynaptic unit, loaded into vesicles, and then released into the cleft and can replenish very fast
Classical neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine, Monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, NE), Glutamate, GABA, and Histamine are all examples of what type of neurotransmitter?
Classical
What is an example of a semi-classical neurotransmitter?
Peptides
What do these characteristics describe?
- made from mRNA
- made in the soma
- slightly larger than classical NT
- vesicle transport
- much easier to deplete these because they don’t replenish quickly
Peptides
What are examples of non-classical neurotransmitters?
- Lipids
- Nucleosides
- Soluble Gases
What are two types of retrograde neurotransmitters?
Lipids and Soluble Gases
What type of neurotransmitter do these characteristics describe?
- can’t pack into vesicles because they would leak out
- retrograde
- made in the postsynaptic terminal
Soluble gases
What are the two ways that neurotransmission occurs in space?
Anatomically and Chemically
What is another name for chemically addressed transmission?
Volume transmission
What are examples of neurotransmitters that experience a fast onset of neurotransmission?
GABA and glutamate
What are examples of neurotransmitters that experience a slow onset of neurotransmission?
Monoamines and neuropeptides
What does slow-onset neurotransmission help with?
keeping duration of effects to block other/modulate other neurotransmitters
Would an axon that connects to a dendrite or an axon be more powerful?
axon
True or False:
Classical neurotransmitters affect only the presynaptic side
FALSE
They affect both the pre and post-synaptic sides
What is a CNS area with lots of neurogenesis?
the olfactory bulb
In which area do we experience very little neurogenesis?
the hippocampus
What are the two ways cells can die?
Apoptosis and Necrosis
What happens in necrosis?
damages plasma membrane and cell comes out and dies. Dead cells that come out kill surrounding cells
What does necrosis cause?
inflammation and tissue damage
Is there a such thing as too much or too little Glutamate?
yes, too much/little can cause problems. This is called Glutamate Excitotoxicity
Does the back of the brain or the front develop faster?
The back
True or False
Axons cannot be regenerated in the CNS or the PNS
False
Axons cannot regenerate in the CNS, BUT they can SLOWLY be regenerated in the PNS
How many subunits do G-proteins have?
3
How many subunits goes GABA A have?
5
What does GABA A do?
allows Chlorine in and hyperpolarizes the membrane
What are kinases?
phosphorylating enzymes
What are phosphatases?
dephosphorylating enzymes
Transcription factor protein complexes bind to DNA to do what?
control the rate of transcription from DNA to mRNA
activates adenylyl cyclase and increases cAMP levels
Gs (excitatory)
inhibits adenylyl cyclase and decreases cAMP levels
Gi (inhiitory)
activates Phospholipase C
Gq (modulatory)
Activation of Gq releases what molecule from the cell?
Calcium
cFos and cJun are ______ genes that produce their proteins which form a dimer that acts as a transcription factor to activate late genes
early
Transcription definition
the process of DNA -> RNA
What is an example of a transcription factor?
CREB
What are the first genes to be expressed when a receptor is activated?
immediate early genes
how long does it take for late genes to appear?
could take about a day and might not fully appear for a week or two
What are the two modes for stopping signaling through a receptor?
Diffusion and Internalization
What mode do neurotransmitters use to diffuse away from the synaptic cleft?
Diffusion
Do we rely on diffusion?
no because it is a slow process. It is there, but we do not rely on it
A neurotransmitter can be:
A) A derivative of an amino acid
B) A chain of amino acids
C) Gas
D) All of the above
E) A and B
E) A and B
Please indicate which of the following is true for GABA:
A) GABA is made from an amino acid
B) GABA is a neuropeptide
C) GABA is inhibitory neurotransmitter
D) GABA is excitatory neurotransmitter
E) All of the above
F) A, B and C
G) A and C
G) A and C
