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Anatomy II > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Why are the chordae tendinae important for pumping blood?

A

they prevent the valve flaps from everting into the atria; helps so blood doesn’t go back up

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2
Q

Why are gap junctions important to the heart?

A

they allow ions to pass from cell to cell in order to behave as a single coordinated unit; they electrically couple adjacent cells

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3
Q

What can happen if gap junctions close?

A

fatal arrhythmias, heart would not beat properly

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4
Q

Why are sodium channels important for cardiac muscle contraction?

A

they do depolarization

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5
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system?

A

network of noncontractile cells that initiate and distribute impulses

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6
Q

How does electrical activity produce a coordinated heartbeat?

A

through gap junctions

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7
Q

What two factors determine cardiac output?

A

heart rate and stroke volume

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8
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

separation of oppositely charged particles across membrane in all cells

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9
Q

What is heart rate?

A

number of beats per minute

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10
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat

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11
Q

Why do gap junction make the heart independent of the nervous system?

A

Either all fibers contract together(via gap junctions) or they do not contract at all. Unlike skeletal muscle, which is controlled by the nervous system

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12
Q

Discuss the sinoatrial node

A

located in the right atrial wall; sets the pace for the heart; it is the heart’s pacemaker

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13
Q

Discuss the atrioventricular node

A

from the SA node, the depolarization wave spreads(via gap junctions) throughout atria via internodal pathway to the atrioventricular node; AV node conducts impulses slower than other parts of system

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14
Q

What happens when the SA node is defective?

A

ectopic focus may appear and take over pacing of heart rate; or the AV node may become the pacemaker

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15
Q

Why is sodium important for action potentials and cardiac muscle contraction?

A

depolarization; voltage gated Na channels open up, so all Na previously pumped outside leaks back in; voltage gated Na channels allow depolarization to happen

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16
Q

Why is calcium important for action potentials and cardiac muscle contraction?(plateau phase)

A

need Ca for contraction to happen; Ca comes in via Ca channels, generating contraction

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17
Q

Why are potassium channels important for action potentials and cardiac muscle contraction?(repolarization)

A

K lets muscle relax; K channels open & K that was pumped in, is pumped out, which is what resets the whole thing back to rest

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18
Q

Arteries have a higher blood pressure than veins. T/F

A

true

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19
Q

What are the three important sources of resistance?

A

blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter

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20
Q

Smaller vessels have ______ resistance.

A

greater

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21
Q

Blood pressure can be regulated by:

A

cardiac output

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22
Q

Why doesn’t blood flow backwards in the veins?

A

one way valves prevent blood from flowing backwards

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23
Q

What does systole mean?

A

contraction

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24
Q

What does diastole mean?

A

relaxation

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25
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

nerve endings that sense pressure

26
Q

Where does blood flow fastest?

A

the aorta

27
Q

Where is blood flow slowest?

A

in capillaries, allowing time for exchange between blood and tissues

28
Q

Why is the brain different than other tissues in its vascular needs?

A

neurons are intolerant of ischemia(inadequate blood supply); can cause a stroke

29
Q

Why does blood flow to skin?

A

to help get rid of heat

30
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

pushes fluid out of capillary

31
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

pulls fluid into capillary

32
Q

Why are plasma proteins like albumin important for osmotic pressure?

A

albumin is like rice sucking up water; pulls water into blood vessels

33
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

results from large scale blood loss

34
Q

What is vascular shock?

A

results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance; system wide vasodilation ex: not enough oxygen getting to tissues

35
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation; what happens if heart is not pumping enough blood into system

36
Q

What is filtration?

A

net fluid flow OUT at arterial end

37
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

net fluid flow IN at venous end

38
Q

How do phagocytes destroy pathogens?

A

must adhere to particle, phagocyte forms a pseudopod that engulfs the particle forming a phagosome, lysosome fuses w the phagocytic vesicle forming a phagolysosome, enzymes digest it leaving residual body, exocytosis is performed to throw out trash

39
Q

How do natural killer cells attack?

A

death whisperers; secrete signal to target to program apoptosis

40
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A

triggered when body tissue is injured; sets stage for repair, stops spread of damaging agent

41
Q

How do interferons provide antiviral death?

A

protect against viruses by warning other cells to protect themselves

42
Q

How does the complement system destroy pathogens?

A

kills things that have been marked for destruction; proteins circulate in inactive form in blood; kills bacteria and other cell types by cell lysis

43
Q

What is the membrane attack complex and how does it kill?

A

it is the insertion of complement proteins into a cell’s membrane; if CP’s see antibodies, they hogpile

44
Q

Complement activation: classical pathway

A

activated by antibodies coating target cell

45
Q

Complement activation: lectin pathway

A

activated by lectins binding to specific sugars on microorganisms surface

46
Q

Complement activation: alternative pathway

A

activated spontaneously

47
Q

Why is fever beneficial?

A

controlled hyperthermia; discourages growth of bacteria allowing body to kill them off faster than they can grow

48
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

chemicals that raise the body’s temperature

49
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

mediate adaptive immunity; B&T

50
Q

B lymphocytes

A

humoral(antibody based)

51
Q

T lymphocytes

A

cellular(cell recognition and destruction)

52
Q

Why are antibodies important?

A

they fight infection

53
Q

humoral immunity

A

antibodies mark pathogens for destruction; seen it before; carried out by B lymphocytes

54
Q

cellular immunity

A

T lymphocytes act against infected cells

55
Q

Immunocompetence

A

has the ability to recognize antigen by binding to it

56
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

red bone marrow

57
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

58
Q

What are naive cells?

A

immunocompetent B and T cells not yet exposed to antigen

59
Q

plasma cells are _______ cells that produce _______.

A

effector; antibodies

60
Q

What is titer?

A

measure of how big of immune response; level of antibody in blood plasma

61
Q

Is titer higher after a primary or secondary infection?

A

secondary bc of memory cells

Anatomy II (10 decks)

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