Anatomy II Final Flashcards
What is the difference between catabolic reaction and anabolic reaction?
Anabolic reactions are building up and catabolic reactions are breaking down.
What are the three steps of cellular respiration, in order.
- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where are the receptors for water soluble hormones located?
Receptors for water soluble hormones are located on the plasma membrane
Where are receptors located for lipid soluble hormones?
Receptors for lipid soluble hormones are located within the cell.
Insulin is responsible for?
causing cells to take sugar out of blood to regulate blood sugar
Diabetics face problems with
Blood glucose staying high, due to problem with insulin. Therefore, the cells are starving because they are not taking in any sugar from the blood.
The problem with type 1 diabetes is
the pancreas is not making an insulin at all
The problem with type 2 diabetes is
insulin is being produced, but the cells are not responding to it; insulin resistant
Define hematocrit.
the amount of red blood cells in whole blood
What is the function of erythropoietin?
it regulates hematocrit; it is made in the kidneys, and goes to the red bone marrow to stimulate the production of more RBC’s
What does hemoglobin do?
Hemoglobin transports oxygen throughout the body. “The bus that oxygen rides around on.”
What is the official clinical reading for high blood pressure?
140/90
In order to be diagnosed with hypertension…
a high blood pressure must be sustained over a period of time with multiple readings
What are the two ways the body regulates blood pressure.
- cardiac output(how slow or fast the heart is beating)
- vasoconstriction/vasodilation of the blood vessels
What is a gradient:
Things always want to go from high to low
What are the final products of glycolysis?
-2 pyruvic acid
-2 NADH
-net gain of 2 ATP
What are the final products of the Krebs Cycle?
-8 NADH
-2 FADH
-6 CO2
-2 ATP
The receptor for lipid soluble hormones are located
within the cell
The receptor for water soluble hormones is located
on the plasma membrane of the cell
What are some examples of lipid soluble hormones?
testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, aldosterone
What are some examples of water soluble hormones?
epinephrine, glucagon, dopamine
What happens if the Krebs Cycle is deactivated?
electron transport is directly prevented
How is oxygen used in oxidative phosphrylation?
oxygen is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation and combines with hydrogen to form H2O as an output
What are the inputs of oxidative phosphorylation?
NADH & FADH(as the electron donors in oxidative phosphorylation), and oxygen
What are outputs of oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP and H2O
_______ is storable glucose, because the body will immediately use _____.
Glycogen; ATP
Glycogenesis is
glycogen formation
Glycogenolysis is
glycogen breakdown
Carbo loading allows for
muscles to store more glycogen
Glucose is formed in ______ from _______ and _____ _____.
liver; glycerol; amino acids
Describe the absorptive state
food in stomach; energy sources supplied by food; anabolism exceeds catabolism; primarily controlled by insulin
Describe the postabsorptive state
GI tract empty; energy sources supplied by breakdown of reserves
Insulin secretion is stimulated by
elevated blood glucose levels
During the postabsorptive state ________ exceeds ________.
catabolism exceeds anabolism
The goal of the postabsorptive state is to
maintain blood glucose between meals
Glycogenolysis occurs in
the liver
Glycogenesis occurs in
skeletal muscle
Lipolysis occurs in
adipose tissues and liver
Is oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
Is the Krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic
Identify whether the three parts of cellular respiration are aerobic or anaerobic.
Glycolysis-anaerobic
Krebs Cycle- anaerobic
Oxidative Phosphorylation- aerobic
What is the job of lipoproteins?
transport water insoluble cholesterol in blood
What is the difference between HDLs and LDLs?
HDL-healthy
LDL-lousy
Statins are
cholesterol lowering drugs
A calorimeter measures
heat liberated into water chamber
A respirometer measures
oxygen consumption
Basal metabolic rate is
the energy the body needs to perform its most essential activities
Normal body temp is
98.6
Heat is lost through(RECC)
Radiation
Evaporation
Conduction
Convection
What part of the body has the highest temperature?
core
What part of the body has the lowest temperature?
shell(skin)
Radiation is
loss of heat by infrared rays
Conduction is
transfer of heat by direct contact
Convection is
transfer of heat to surrounding air
Evaporation is
heat loss due to evaporation of water from body surface
Insensible heat loss is
heat loss through lungs, oral mucosa, skin
Sensible heat loss
body temp rises and sweating increases water vaporization
When overheated, the body will
dilate cutaneous blood vessels
Controlled hyperthermia is commonly known as
fever
Water soluble hormones can enter the cell. T/F
False; only lipid soluble hormones can enter the target cell.
Target cells are defined as
tissues with receptors for specific hormones
Endocrine glands release hormones in response to
-humoral stimuli
-neural stimuli
-hormonal stimuli
What is humoral stimuli
changing blood levels that directly stimulate the secretion of hormones
What is neural stimuli?
nerve fibers that stimulate hormone release
Ex: fight or flight
What is hormonal stimulus?
hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones
Posterior pituitary hormones include
oxytocin and ADH
Anterior pituitary hormones
GH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
PRL
The hormone responsible for strong uterine contractions is
oxytocin
Where is ADH produced?
posterior pituitary gland
Glucagon is responsible for
increasing blood glucose levels
What is the difference between LH and FSH?
LH- promotes production of gonadal hormones
FSH- stimulates gamete production
Where is antidiuretic created and stored?
It is created in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
Thyroid hormone helps with
tissue growth and development; maintenance of blood pressure
Acinar cells within the pancreas are responsible for
producing enzyme rich juice for digestion
Pancreatic islets contain
endocrine cells
Alpha cells produce
glucagon
Beta cells produce
insulin
The ovaries produce what two hormones?
estrogen and progeterone
What hormone do the testes produce?
testosterone
What hormones does adipose tissue produce?
leptin, resistin, adiponectin
Leptin is responsible for
appetite control
Resistin is an insulin
antagonist
Adiponectin is responsible for
enhancing sensitivity to insulin
Erythropoietin is responsible for
signaling the production of RBCs
Renin is responsible for
blood pressure regulation
Blood consists of
plasma and formed elements
Define plasma
nonliving fluid matrix
What are the formed elements of blood?
living blood cells suspended in plasma which include: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Hematocrit is
the percent of blood volume that is RBC’s
The buffy coat consists of
leukocytes and platelets
What percent of blood do leukocytes make up?
<1%
Leukocytosis is a normal response to
infection
The two categories of leukocytes are:
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Granulocytes consist of: (BEN)
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
Agranulocytes include:
lymphocytes and monocytes
Decreasing abundance of leukocytes in blood is
never let monkeys eat bananas
Define leukopoiesis
production of WBCs
Leukemia is defined as
cancerous leukocytes that fill red bone marrow & immature nonfunctional WBC in blood
What percent of blood is made up of erythrocytes?
45%
Describe erythrocytes
-biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles
-filled w hemoglobin
How is the prevention of blood loss initiated?
through plasma proteins and platelets
Plasma is ___ water
90%
Anemia is
blood having abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity
What are the three causes of anemia
-blood loss
-low rbc production
-high rbc destruction
why is iron important?
Heme’s central iron atom is what binds oxygen; body uses it to create hemoglobin
What are the three steps in hemostasis?
- vascular spasm
- platelet plug formation
- coagulation
Hemostasis is
clotting; stopping blood flow
What blood group is considered to be the universal recipient?
AB
What blood group is considered to be the universal donor?
O
What blood type can type B safely receive?
B, O
What blood type can type A safely receive?
A, O
Hematocrit can be used to test for?
anemia
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart starting at the vena cava
superior vena cava–>right atrium–>tricuspid valve–>right ventricle–>pulomary semilunar valve–>pulmonary trunk–>lungs–>pulmonary veins–>left atrium–>bicuspid valve–>left ventricle–>aortic semilunar valve–>aorta–>to body
The right atrium receives blood returning from the _______ circut.
systemic
The left atrium receives blood returning from the ________ circut.
pulmonary
What two factors go into the heart pumping blood?
-contraction of cardiac muscle
-electrical coordination
The P wave represents
depolarization of the SA node
The QRS complex represents
ventricular depolarization AND atrial repolarization
The T wave represents
ventricular repolarization
Systole is the
contraction
Diastole is the
relaxation
Cardiac output =
heart rate x stroke volume
Arteries carry blood _____
away from the heart
Veins carry blood
toward the heart
What are the three wall layers in arteries and veins?
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
Where in the body is blood pressure the highest?
the aorta
Where in the body is blood pressure the lowest?
veins and vena cava
What are chemoreceptors?
nerve cells that detect changes in the blood
Hydrostatic pressure is responsible for
pushing fluid OUT of the capillary
Osmotic pressure is responsible for
pulling water IN
What generates osmotic pressure in the capillary?
albumin proteins
What is the difference between innate and adaptive defenses?
innate: general response to any antigen(first responders)
adaptive: response to specific antigen(develops memory)
In humoral immunity, ______ mark pathogens for _______.
antibodies; destruction
In cellular immunity, _________ act against ______ _____.
T-lymphocytes; infected cells
What is the difference between a primary immune response and a secondary immune response?
a primary immune response occurs after a delay, while a secondary immune response to the same antigen is faster and larger
What is titer?
a measure of how big of an immune response there is
When is the greatest titer produced?
2-3 days after SECOND exposure
Define the respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
Define the conducting zone
conduits to gas exchange sites(ex: respiratory structures)
The pulmonary arteries deliver
systemic venous blood to lungs for oxygenation
The pulmonary veins deliver
oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to heart
What happens during inspiration?
lungs get larger, & pressure inside decreases.
greater pressure outside forces air into lungs
What happens during expiration?
lungs get smaller and pressure increases.
Lower pressure outside forces air out of lungs
Boyle’s Law
pressure and volume are inversely proportional
Define external respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a respiratory membrane
Diffusion drives oxygen from the ______ into the _________.
alveoli; capillaries
As oxygen binds, hemoglobin affinity of oxygen _____.
increases
As oxygen is released, hemoglobin affinity for oxygen ______.
decreases
What causes a left shift to occur in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
decreased carbon dioxide
What causes a right shift to occur in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
increased carbon dioxide
What are the six digestive processes?
- ingestion
- propulsion
- mechanical breakdown
- digestion
- absorption
- defecation
Where does absorption chiefly take place>
small intestine
What occurs at the brush border
carbohydrate and protein digestion
What role does the pancreas play in the digestive system?
produces digestive juices and insulin
What role does the liver play in the digestive system?
makes and secretes bile
Where does water reabsorption take place?
proximal tubule and descending limb
How does ADH impact urine production at the collecting duct?
causes principal cells of collecting ducts to insert aquaporins
As ADH levels increase, ________ in water reabsorption.
increase
Aquaporins are always present in
the pct
Aquaporins are inserted in collecting ducts only if
ADH is present
Meiosis is
cell division producing gametes
Gonads produce
haploid gametes
LH spikes at
midcycle
After ovulation, estrogen levels
decline
LH from the pituitary activates ______, the corpus luteum then secretes _______.
ovulation; progesterone
