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Animal Science > EXAM 2 REVIEW > Flashcards

EXAM 2 REVIEW Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

___ is the process of somatic cell division

A

mitosis

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2
Q

____ is applied genetics in animals

A

animal breeding

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3
Q

___ is when the same genotype is expressed differently depending on the sex of the animal

A

sex influenced inheritance

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4
Q

___ is the interaction among genes at different loci. the expression of genes at one locus depends on alleles present at one or more other loci.

A

epistasis

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5
Q

___ is the term to describe an animal that is missing a chromosome (2n-1)

A

monosomy

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6
Q

the horned/polled gene in sheep is controlled by ___ inheritance

A

sex-influenced

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7
Q

which antigen is present in the blood of an individual with blood type AB?

A

A and B

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
guanine and cytosine are held together with double bonds

A

false, they are held together by three hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
crossbreeding is the mating of individuals to maintain a relationship to a common ancestor

A

false, is the mating of different species

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
coat colors in many species are dependant on the effects of epistasis

A

true

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11
Q

novel species are commonly referred to as ___

A
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12
Q

when making a genetically engineered bacteria, ____ enzymes are used to insert a new DNA fragment into the plasmid

A

ligase

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13
Q

____ is the biotechnological process of changing the genetic potential of an individual for a trait such as height and eye color

A

gene enhancement

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14
Q

____ is the term used to describe the production of pharmaceuticals from livestock

A

pharming

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15
Q

TRUE OR FASLE:
when transgenically produced rennet was approved in 1990, it became the first food product from transgenic production to receive approval

A

true

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
genetic diseases are the result of the absence of a gene or a chromosome defect in a gene

A

true

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17
Q

TRUE OR FASLE:
animal cloning holds potential for agriculture

A

true

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18
Q

a controversial technique that might be used to change humans for genetic potential for traits such as height is called:

a) gene enhancement
b) gene therapy
c) germ-line therapy
d) cloning

A

gene enhancement

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19
Q

which of the following techniques can be used to map the genetic code of animals

a) DNA sequencing
b) polymerase chain reaction
c) statistical analysis
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

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20
Q

products that have both nutrient and pharmaceutical properties are called ____

A

nutraceuticals

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21
Q

the complete genetic material of an organism is called its ___

A

genome

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22
Q

____ is the process of building high molecular weight molecules by repeatedly chemically bonding the same compound to itself

A

polymerization

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23
Q

in what year did Gregor Mendel discover the principles of inheritance while working with garden peas

a) 1873
b) 1866
c) 1869
d) 1862

A

b) 1866

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24
Q

how many autosomes are present in the somatic cells of swine?

a) 38
b) 40
c) 36
d) 34

A

c) 36

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
the centromere is the region of the chromosome where the spindle fibers attach

A

true

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26
Q

____ enzymes are used to cut DNA and isolate its fragments

A

restriction

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27
Q

____ are genetically altered plants, animals, or microorganisms

A

genetically modified organism

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28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
transgenic cows, goats, and sheep have been developed to secrete bioactive molecules into their blood, urine, and milk

A

true

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29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
dolly the sheep was introduced in 1977 as the world’s first clone of an adult animal

A

true

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
bovine somatotropin is used in dairy cows to increase milk production

A

true

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31
Q

the locations of specific genes along a chromosome marked with probes are called a(n) ___

a) gene map
b) novel gene
c) intergenic microorganism
d) founder

A

a) gene map

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32
Q

uses molecular techniques to determine the absolute position of these markers or genes within the genome.

A

physical mapping

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33
Q

a transgenic animal that is subsequently used to establish a transgenic line of animals is called a ___

a) pharmer
b) probe
c) clone
d) founder

A

d) founder

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34
Q

____ is the cellular process of making a copy of a DNA molecule

A

DNA replication

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35
Q

a ____ is mating with a fully recessive tester animal to determine if an individual is homozygous or heterozygous for a trait

A

testcross

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36
Q

____ is the result of no dominance between alleles

A

incomplete dominance

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37
Q

____ is the process of allowing some animals to be parents more than others

A

selection

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38
Q

what does the allele combination of RR represent

A

homozygous dominant

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39
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
carcass merit characteristics are considered to be lowly heritable

A

false

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40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
in the manufacture of protein, transcription is the process of building RNA that is complimentary to DNA

A

true

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41
Q

____ is the application to industry of advances made in the techniques and instruments from the biological sciences

A

biotechnology

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42
Q

TRUE OR FASLE:
“new biotechnology” owes its existence to the understanding of the cell and its components, and the genetic code

A

true

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43
Q

which of the following has been modified to produce insulin?

A

bacteria

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44
Q

TRUE OR FASLE:
the Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, and the United Stated Department of Agriculture are the three federal agencies which regulate genetically engineered products

A

true

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45
Q

___ is described as difficulty giving birth in animals

A

dystocia

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46
Q

___ is the hormone responsible for growth, development, and maintenance of follicles in the female, and production of sperm in the male

A

follicle stimulating hormone

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47
Q

the ___ is the organ through which oxygen and nutrients are passed to the fetus from the female and waste is passed from the fetus to the female

A

placenta

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48
Q

____ is a posture assumed by a sow in estrus such that they resist pressure applied to the back

A

lordosis

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49
Q

which of the following is NOT a fetal membrane
a) amnion
b) endometrium
c) allantois
d) chorion

A

b) endometrium

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50
Q

which of the following is the place where sperm cells mature

a) epididymis
b) vesicular glands
c) all of the above
d) prostate gland

A

a) epididymis

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51
Q

how many days will eggs generally remain in the oviduct

A

3-6

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52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
the most important factors influencing the onset of puberty are age and weight

A

true

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53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
fertilized eggs could go through natural or artificial incubation

A

true

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
high levels of progesterone are responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy

A

true

55
Q

___ is the term used to describe the fertilization of an ovum in a test tube or other environment outside of the body

A

in vitro

56
Q

the ___ are the basis of the reproductive system and are either called the ovary or testis depending on the gender of the animals

A

gonads

57
Q

how many minutes pass between the laying of one egg by a hen until ovulation occurs and begins the process again

A

30

58
Q

at approximately how many hours prior to ovulation will a cow generally stand to be mounted by other females or males

A

12

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
the magnum functions to add the thick portion of the albumen or white to the egg

A

true

60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
approximately two thirds of fetal growth occurs within the last trimester of pregnancy

A

true

61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
ovulation is the release of the ova from the ovary

A

true

62
Q

ploidy

A

number of sets of homologous chromosomes in the genome of a cell or organism

63
Q

aneuploidy

A

condition in which an organism has a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the monoploid number

64
Q

trisomy

A

the presence of an extra chromosome.

65
Q

polyploidy

A

presence of more than two sets or a pair of chromosomes

66
Q

what are the sex chromosomes for male and female in mammals and chickens?

A

mammals:
male: XY
female: XX

chickens:
male: ZZ
female: ZW

67
Q

what is the name of the cells besides sex cells?

A

autosomes

68
Q

chromosomes occur in pairs in ____

A

somatic cells; diploid (2n) number of chromosomes

69
Q

germ cells, sperm and egg, only contain a ____ number

A

haploid (n)

70
Q

a visual representation of the chromosomes of a species is called a ____

A

karyotype

71
Q

what is gametogenesis

A

development of sex cells (sperm/oocyte)

72
Q

what is mitosis

A

process of somatic cell division; diploid cell undergoes division that allows the production of two diploid cells (2n)

73
Q

what is meiosis

A

reductional process (2n -> n) responsible for forming cells that contain half of the genetic material

74
Q

qualitative traits

A

usually only one gene (2 alleles is
involved and the phenotypic expression is not affected
by the environmental condition)
ex: coat color, comb type, eye color etc.

75
Q

quantitative traits

A

multiple genes are involved, and
phenotypic expression is affected by environmental
conditions. The expression of the traits are measured from low to high

76
Q

codominance occurs when

A

when neither allele masks the other and both are expressed in the
phenotype

77
Q

incomplete dominance occurs when

A

occurs when no dominance exists, and a heterozygous individual will appear as an intermediate between the two alleles.
(ex: 1:2:1, chestnut brown x creamy white = palomino)

78
Q

system of multiple alleles

A

multiple genes control economically important traits; combine in different ways in a population, and produce different phenotypes

79
Q

testcrossing

A

can determine whether the animal is homozygous or heterozygous by mating that animal with one that has homozygous recessive genotype
(aa).

80
Q

sex linked inheritance

A

Some genes are located only on the X or Y chromosome and therefore are inherited only when that respective chromosome is passed on; X linked can be passed to male and female, Y linked can only be passed to males.

81
Q

sex influenced inheritance

A

carried on the autosomes; the phenotypes are not expressed in the same way in the two sexes.

– male with one recessive allele will show the trait, but
female will need to have two recessives to show the
same trait.
– an example is horns in sheep.
– sexing of day-old chicks

82
Q

sex limited inheritance

A

traits are unique to only one sex; both sexes carry genes for these traits, but only one sex is capable of expression (milk production, litter size, egg production; beard formation/breast development)

83
Q

marker assisted selection

A

conventional selection could be enhanced through the inclusion of genetic markers obtained through DNA analysis

84
Q

transgenic animal

A

process of genetic modification; inserting the genes from one animal
into another

85
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
animals can be transgenically altered to produce organs that do not trigger rejection reactions for transplant into humans.

A

true

86
Q

what is biotechnology

A

the development of products by a biological process.

87
Q

where may products of biotechnology be used

A

disease research, food production, waste management, etc

88
Q

who proposed the double helix structure of DNA

A

1953, James Watson and Francis Crick

89
Q

what is the most used organism in biotechnology

A

Escherichia coli (E. Coli)

90
Q

the discovery of which two essential components made gene cloning and DNA recombinant techniques possible

A

restriction enzymes and plasmid DNA

91
Q

restriction enzymes are

A

DNA cutting enzymes; found primarily in bacteria where they play a defensive role against invading bacteriophage (a virus that attacks bacteria) by cutting the viral DNA into small fragments

92
Q

plasmid DNA is

A

a circular form of self-replicating DNA that scientists can manipulate to carry and clone other pieces of DNA.

93
Q

restriction site

A

the specific cite where restriction enzymes used to cut DNA

94
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
blunt or sticky ends are able to recombine with any complementary DNA molecule

A

true

95
Q

enzymes that join DNA together

A

ligases

96
Q

cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating
copies of

A

-DNA fragments (molecular cloning)
-cells (cell cloning)
-whole organisms

97
Q

4 steps to clone DNA fragments

A
  1. fragmentation
  2. ligation
  3. transformation
  4. screening/selection
98
Q

fragmentation

A

cutting and separating a piece of DNA

99
Q

ligation

A

gluing together pieces of DNA using DNA ligase and vectors

100
Q

transformation

A

insertion of the newly formed DNA pieces into cells

101
Q

screening/selection

A

selection of cells successfully transformed with new DNA

102
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A

amplifies small samples of DNA into large amounts; allows scientists to clone genes or gene fragments for identification and analysis, and it also allows for manipulation of an already identified gene

103
Q

3 step process basic mechanism of PCR relies on

A
  1. denaturation
  2. annealing
  3. elongation
104
Q

denaturation

A

causes separation of the template DNA into single strands

105
Q

annealing

A

allows primers (short nucleotides sequences) to bind (anneal) to the complementary bases at opposite ends of the target sequence

106
Q

elongation

A

allows DNA polymerase to copy the template DNA and to synthesize a complementary strand

107
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Genetically modified crops outnumber all other genetically
manipulated organisms (GMO)

A

true

108
Q

micropropagation (plant tissue culture)

A

biotechnology that takes cells of a desired plant and uses them to generate another plant

109
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
micropropagation can be combined with genetic engineering to produce large numbers of a plant that has been engineered to do something considered valuable

A

true

110
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
scientific evidence continues to indicate that the risks associated with GM crops are not any greater than the risk posed by plants produced by traditional breeding methods

A

true

111
Q

microinjection of cloned DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized
ovum continues to be a widely used method for producing

A

transgenic animals

112
Q

cloning by nuclear transfer from somatic cells

A

involves transplanting the nucleus from a somatic cell of the animal into an egg with the nucleus removed

113
Q

dolly the sheep was born in ___ and died in ___

A

1996; 2003

114
Q

transgenic dairy cows that are resistant to _____, an
infectious disease of the mammary gland

A

mastitis

115
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
transgenic chickens and turkeys have been developed to resist avian diseases

A

true

116
Q

what causes mastitis

A

S. aureus

117
Q

Cows secreting ____in their milk are resistant to mastitis

A

lysostaphin

118
Q

A cousin of ____, that is non-pathogenic is able to produce lysostaphin

A

staphylococcus

119
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
the gene was introduced into Jersey cows and were able to resist mastitis infection by producing lysostaphin in their milk.

A

true

120
Q

the production of pharmaceutical proteins in the blood or milk of transgenic animals is referred to as

A

gene pharming

121
Q

genetic testing

A

involve direct examination of DNA molecules from blood or other tissues to find genetic disorders

122
Q

gene therapy

A

a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development, by insertion, alteration, or removal of genes within an individual’s cells

123
Q

the study of how an individual’s inherited variation in different genes affects drug response

A

pharmacogenomics

124
Q

_____are pharmaceuticals produced using biotechnology; particular recombinant DNA in bacteria

A

biopharmaceuticals

125
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
the number of biopharmaceuticals on the market is just over 200

A

true

126
Q

recombinant DNA

A

when you combine two DNA strands that could be from different organisms resulting in a new genetic combination

127
Q

what has been among the most successful products of genetic
engineering made available to agriculture

A

recombinant bovine somatropin (rBST)

128
Q

when administered to dairy cows, BST causes

A

greater milk production

129
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
several bacteria have been genetically altered to improve their ability to kill or repel pests

A

true

130
Q

a 3% improvement in birthrate would result in

A

-1 mil beef calves born per year
-3.2 million pigs born per year
-3.7 mil gallons of milk produced per year

Animal Science (5 decks)

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