EXAM 2 REVIEW Flashcards
___ is the process of somatic cell division
mitosis
____ is applied genetics in animals
animal breeding
___ is when the same genotype is expressed differently depending on the sex of the animal
sex influenced inheritance
___ is the interaction among genes at different loci. the expression of genes at one locus depends on alleles present at one or more other loci.
epistasis
___ is the term to describe an animal that is missing a chromosome (2n-1)
monosomy
the horned/polled gene in sheep is controlled by ___ inheritance
sex-influenced
which antigen is present in the blood of an individual with blood type AB?
A and B
TRUE OR FALSE:
guanine and cytosine are held together with double bonds
false, they are held together by three hydrogen bonds
TRUE OR FALSE:
crossbreeding is the mating of individuals to maintain a relationship to a common ancestor
false, is the mating of different species
TRUE OR FALSE:
coat colors in many species are dependant on the effects of epistasis
true
novel species are commonly referred to as ___
when making a genetically engineered bacteria, ____ enzymes are used to insert a new DNA fragment into the plasmid
ligase
____ is the biotechnological process of changing the genetic potential of an individual for a trait such as height and eye color
gene enhancement
____ is the term used to describe the production of pharmaceuticals from livestock
pharming
TRUE OR FASLE:
when transgenically produced rennet was approved in 1990, it became the first food product from transgenic production to receive approval
true
TRUE OR FALSE:
genetic diseases are the result of the absence of a gene or a chromosome defect in a gene
true
TRUE OR FASLE:
animal cloning holds potential for agriculture
true
a controversial technique that might be used to change humans for genetic potential for traits such as height is called:
a) gene enhancement
b) gene therapy
c) germ-line therapy
d) cloning
gene enhancement
which of the following techniques can be used to map the genetic code of animals
a) DNA sequencing
b) polymerase chain reaction
c) statistical analysis
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
products that have both nutrient and pharmaceutical properties are called ____
nutraceuticals
the complete genetic material of an organism is called its ___
genome
____ is the process of building high molecular weight molecules by repeatedly chemically bonding the same compound to itself
polymerization
in what year did Gregor Mendel discover the principles of inheritance while working with garden peas
a) 1873
b) 1866
c) 1869
d) 1862
b) 1866
how many autosomes are present in the somatic cells of swine?
a) 38
b) 40
c) 36
d) 34
c) 36
TRUE OR FALSE:
the centromere is the region of the chromosome where the spindle fibers attach
true
____ enzymes are used to cut DNA and isolate its fragments
restriction
____ are genetically altered plants, animals, or microorganisms
genetically modified organism
TRUE OR FALSE:
transgenic cows, goats, and sheep have been developed to secrete bioactive molecules into their blood, urine, and milk
true
TRUE OR FALSE:
dolly the sheep was introduced in 1977 as the world’s first clone of an adult animal
true
TRUE OR FALSE:
bovine somatotropin is used in dairy cows to increase milk production
true
the locations of specific genes along a chromosome marked with probes are called a(n) ___
a) gene map
b) novel gene
c) intergenic microorganism
d) founder
a) gene map
uses molecular techniques to determine the absolute position of these markers or genes within the genome.
physical mapping
a transgenic animal that is subsequently used to establish a transgenic line of animals is called a ___
a) pharmer
b) probe
c) clone
d) founder
d) founder
____ is the cellular process of making a copy of a DNA molecule
DNA replication
a ____ is mating with a fully recessive tester animal to determine if an individual is homozygous or heterozygous for a trait
testcross
____ is the result of no dominance between alleles
incomplete dominance
____ is the process of allowing some animals to be parents more than others
selection
what does the allele combination of RR represent
homozygous dominant
TRUE OR FALSE:
carcass merit characteristics are considered to be lowly heritable
false
TRUE OR FALSE:
in the manufacture of protein, transcription is the process of building RNA that is complimentary to DNA
true
____ is the application to industry of advances made in the techniques and instruments from the biological sciences
biotechnology
TRUE OR FASLE:
“new biotechnology” owes its existence to the understanding of the cell and its components, and the genetic code
true
which of the following has been modified to produce insulin?
bacteria
TRUE OR FASLE:
the Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, and the United Stated Department of Agriculture are the three federal agencies which regulate genetically engineered products
true
___ is described as difficulty giving birth in animals
dystocia
___ is the hormone responsible for growth, development, and maintenance of follicles in the female, and production of sperm in the male
follicle stimulating hormone
the ___ is the organ through which oxygen and nutrients are passed to the fetus from the female and waste is passed from the fetus to the female
placenta
____ is a posture assumed by a sow in estrus such that they resist pressure applied to the back
lordosis
which of the following is NOT a fetal membrane
a) amnion
b) endometrium
c) allantois
d) chorion
b) endometrium
which of the following is the place where sperm cells mature
a) epididymis
b) vesicular glands
c) all of the above
d) prostate gland
a) epididymis
how many days will eggs generally remain in the oviduct
3-6
TRUE OR FALSE:
the most important factors influencing the onset of puberty are age and weight
true
TRUE OR FALSE:
fertilized eggs could go through natural or artificial incubation
true
TRUE OR FALSE:
high levels of progesterone are responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy
true
___ is the term used to describe the fertilization of an ovum in a test tube or other environment outside of the body
in vitro
the ___ are the basis of the reproductive system and are either called the ovary or testis depending on the gender of the animals
gonads
how many minutes pass between the laying of one egg by a hen until ovulation occurs and begins the process again
30
at approximately how many hours prior to ovulation will a cow generally stand to be mounted by other females or males
12
TRUE OR FALSE:
the magnum functions to add the thick portion of the albumen or white to the egg
true
TRUE OR FALSE:
approximately two thirds of fetal growth occurs within the last trimester of pregnancy
true
TRUE OR FALSE:
ovulation is the release of the ova from the ovary
true
ploidy
number of sets of homologous chromosomes in the genome of a cell or organism
aneuploidy
condition in which an organism has a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the monoploid number
trisomy
the presence of an extra chromosome.
polyploidy
presence of more than two sets or a pair of chromosomes
what are the sex chromosomes for male and female in mammals and chickens?
mammals:
male: XY
female: XX
chickens:
male: ZZ
female: ZW
what is the name of the cells besides sex cells?
autosomes
chromosomes occur in pairs in ____
somatic cells; diploid (2n) number of chromosomes
germ cells, sperm and egg, only contain a ____ number
haploid (n)
a visual representation of the chromosomes of a species is called a ____
karyotype
what is gametogenesis
development of sex cells (sperm/oocyte)
what is mitosis
process of somatic cell division; diploid cell undergoes division that allows the production of two diploid cells (2n)
what is meiosis
reductional process (2n -> n) responsible for forming cells that contain half of the genetic material
qualitative traits
usually only one gene (2 alleles is
involved and the phenotypic expression is not affected
by the environmental condition)
ex: coat color, comb type, eye color etc.
quantitative traits
multiple genes are involved, and
phenotypic expression is affected by environmental
conditions. The expression of the traits are measured from low to high
codominance occurs when
when neither allele masks the other and both are expressed in the
phenotype
incomplete dominance occurs when
occurs when no dominance exists, and a heterozygous individual will appear as an intermediate between the two alleles.
(ex: 1:2:1, chestnut brown x creamy white = palomino)
system of multiple alleles
multiple genes control economically important traits; combine in different ways in a population, and produce different phenotypes
testcrossing
can determine whether the animal is homozygous or heterozygous by mating that animal with one that has homozygous recessive genotype
(aa).
sex linked inheritance
Some genes are located only on the X or Y chromosome and therefore are inherited only when that respective chromosome is passed on; X linked can be passed to male and female, Y linked can only be passed to males.
sex influenced inheritance
carried on the autosomes; the phenotypes are not expressed in the same way in the two sexes.
– male with one recessive allele will show the trait, but
female will need to have two recessives to show the
same trait.
– an example is horns in sheep.
– sexing of day-old chicks
sex limited inheritance
traits are unique to only one sex; both sexes carry genes for these traits, but only one sex is capable of expression (milk production, litter size, egg production; beard formation/breast development)
marker assisted selection
conventional selection could be enhanced through the inclusion of genetic markers obtained through DNA analysis
transgenic animal
process of genetic modification; inserting the genes from one animal
into another
TRUE OR FALSE:
animals can be transgenically altered to produce organs that do not trigger rejection reactions for transplant into humans.
true
what is biotechnology
the development of products by a biological process.
where may products of biotechnology be used
disease research, food production, waste management, etc
who proposed the double helix structure of DNA
1953, James Watson and Francis Crick
what is the most used organism in biotechnology
Escherichia coli (E. Coli)
the discovery of which two essential components made gene cloning and DNA recombinant techniques possible
restriction enzymes and plasmid DNA
restriction enzymes are
DNA cutting enzymes; found primarily in bacteria where they play a defensive role against invading bacteriophage (a virus that attacks bacteria) by cutting the viral DNA into small fragments
plasmid DNA is
a circular form of self-replicating DNA that scientists can manipulate to carry and clone other pieces of DNA.
restriction site
the specific cite where restriction enzymes used to cut DNA
TRUE OR FALSE:
blunt or sticky ends are able to recombine with any complementary DNA molecule
true
enzymes that join DNA together
ligases
cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating
copies of
-DNA fragments (molecular cloning)
-cells (cell cloning)
-whole organisms
4 steps to clone DNA fragments
- fragmentation
- ligation
- transformation
- screening/selection
fragmentation
cutting and separating a piece of DNA
ligation
gluing together pieces of DNA using DNA ligase and vectors
transformation
insertion of the newly formed DNA pieces into cells
screening/selection
selection of cells successfully transformed with new DNA
polymerase chain reaction
amplifies small samples of DNA into large amounts; allows scientists to clone genes or gene fragments for identification and analysis, and it also allows for manipulation of an already identified gene
3 step process basic mechanism of PCR relies on
- denaturation
- annealing
- elongation
denaturation
causes separation of the template DNA into single strands
annealing
allows primers (short nucleotides sequences) to bind (anneal) to the complementary bases at opposite ends of the target sequence
elongation
allows DNA polymerase to copy the template DNA and to synthesize a complementary strand
TRUE OR FALSE:
Genetically modified crops outnumber all other genetically
manipulated organisms (GMO)
true
micropropagation (plant tissue culture)
biotechnology that takes cells of a desired plant and uses them to generate another plant
TRUE OR FALSE:
micropropagation can be combined with genetic engineering to produce large numbers of a plant that has been engineered to do something considered valuable
true
TRUE OR FALSE:
scientific evidence continues to indicate that the risks associated with GM crops are not any greater than the risk posed by plants produced by traditional breeding methods
true
microinjection of cloned DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized
ovum continues to be a widely used method for producing
transgenic animals
cloning by nuclear transfer from somatic cells
involves transplanting the nucleus from a somatic cell of the animal into an egg with the nucleus removed
dolly the sheep was born in ___ and died in ___
1996; 2003
transgenic dairy cows that are resistant to _____, an
infectious disease of the mammary gland
mastitis
TRUE OR FALSE:
transgenic chickens and turkeys have been developed to resist avian diseases
true
what causes mastitis
S. aureus
Cows secreting ____in their milk are resistant to mastitis
lysostaphin
A cousin of ____, that is non-pathogenic is able to produce lysostaphin
staphylococcus
TRUE OR FALSE:
the gene was introduced into Jersey cows and were able to resist mastitis infection by producing lysostaphin in their milk.
true
the production of pharmaceutical proteins in the blood or milk of transgenic animals is referred to as
gene pharming
genetic testing
involve direct examination of DNA molecules from blood or other tissues to find genetic disorders
gene therapy
a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development, by insertion, alteration, or removal of genes within an individual’s cells
the study of how an individual’s inherited variation in different genes affects drug response
pharmacogenomics
_____are pharmaceuticals produced using biotechnology; particular recombinant DNA in bacteria
biopharmaceuticals
TRUE OR FALSE:
the number of biopharmaceuticals on the market is just over 200
true
recombinant DNA
when you combine two DNA strands that could be from different organisms resulting in a new genetic combination
what has been among the most successful products of genetic
engineering made available to agriculture
recombinant bovine somatropin (rBST)
when administered to dairy cows, BST causes
greater milk production
TRUE OR FALSE:
several bacteria have been genetically altered to improve their ability to kill or repel pests
true
a 3% improvement in birthrate would result in
-1 mil beef calves born per year
-3.2 million pigs born per year
-3.7 mil gallons of milk produced per year
