Animal Science Chapter 5

Question 1

[nutrition is

Answer 1

the study of how the body uses nutrients to sustain life & for reproductive purposes

Question 2

cost of feeding is ___ percent of total cost of livestock production

Answer 2

45-75%

Question 3

specialty areas for animal nutritionists are divided into two categories:

Answer 3

Monogastric (fish, cats, dogs, horses, swine, poultry, monkeys, guinea pigs, mice, rats)
Ruminant (hooved animals that chew their cud; cattle sheep, goats, rumen species)

Question 4

what is a rumen

Answer 4

fermentation chamber where bacteria & other microorganisms break down tough plant fibers (cellulose) into simpler compounds that the animal can absorb for energy)
-sheep
-goats
-dairy/beef cattle

Question 5

most nutritionists tend to be what type of nutritionist

Answer 5

basic nutritionist: these tend to focus on explaining basic metabolism & nutrient action/interaction

Question 6

the second type of nutritionists are?

Answer 6

applied nutritionist: practical; these work on practical questions such as cost effectiveness, method of delivery, & carcass effects (FEED EM& WEIGHT EM)

Question 7

List nutritionist disciplines

Answer 7

-biochemistry -genetics -organic chemistry
-cytology -inorganic chemistry -phyisics
-economics -mathematics -physiology
-marketing -microbiology -veterinary medicine
-endocrinology -neurology -waste management

Question 8

how are nutrients used

Answer 8

required for life processes; used in body metabolism to maintain the body and for reproduction, growth, & lactation; provide energy & building material for the body and metabolic regulators

Question 9

two classifications of nutrients

Answer 9

dietary essential nutrients OR dietary nonessential nutrients

Question 10

dietary essential nutrients

Answer 10

requires for normal physiological function; must be obtained from diet due to lack of synthesis from the body (body cant produce on its own) including water, carbs, vitamins, minerals, proteins, and lipids (fats).

Question 11

dietary nonessential nutrients

Answer 11

synthesized by the body in necessary amounts to meet an animals requirements

Question 12

water acts as a

Answer 12

-lubricant
-regulator of body temperature
-solvent for body’s solid components
-transporting medium in body fluids (blood, lymph, urine, sweat)
-necessary participant in chemical reactions of the body

Question 13

list 3 ways animals can meet their need for water

Answer 13

-drinking water
-consuming feed with water in it
-metabolic water (produced by chemical reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats within the body)

Question 14

provides energy for chemical reactions; organic molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; sugars, (starches & cellulose) <– complex carbs made up of long chains of linked glucose molecules

Answer 14

Carbohydrate

Question 15

compounds made up of long chains of Amino Acids; primary uses in the body are as components of Lean tissue, Enzymes, Hormones, & Body metabolites

Answer 15

Protein

Question 16

composed of the alcohol Glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached; used by the body as a source of energy & essential fatty acids; has 2.25x more energy than carbs; important carriers of fat-soluble vitamins & necessary for insulation/temperature regulation

Answer 16

Fats

Question 17

organic compounds needed by the body in small amounts that are either fat-soluble or water-soluble

Answer 17

Vitamins

Question 18

Inorganic constituents (components) of bones & teeth; important part of body’s enzyme system

Question 19

Excess ___ in the diet is used as ____

Answer 19

Protein; energy

Question 20

forages

Answer 20

fresh pastures/silages/hays primarily composed of cellulose; mammals lack necessary enzymes to break beta linkages down between glucose molecules present in cellulose, resulting in microbial fermentation

Question 21

microbial fermentation

Answer 21

occurs in rumen/hindgut; cellulose is an important energy source for ruminants (cattle/sheep), pseudo ruminants (llamas) and hindgut fermenters (horses)

Question 22

young animals need protein to ____
mature animals must only ____ exhausted proteins in the body

Answer 22

grow; replace

Question 23

common protein feedstuffs contain

Answer 23

oilseed meals (soybean & cottonseed) *
fishmeal, alfalfa meal, & dried skim milk

Question 24

fat soluble

Answer 24

involved in regulating body functions (vision, blood clotting, tissue maintenance, and growth [bone development])

Question 25

water soluble

Answer 25

body metabolic regulation

Question 26

minerals functional roles in body

Answer 26

-body fluid balance
-body acid-base balance
-nerve transmission
-muscle contraction
-oxygen transmission
-wound healing
-immune functions

Question 27

minerals in feedstuffs as

Answer 27

-salt
-trace mineralized salt
-oyster shells
-lime
-bone meal

Question 28

when would a feed be high in energy-furnishing nutrients?

Answer 28

fattening stage/producing milk & eggs

Question 29

ration

Answer 29

specific feed allotment given to an animal in a 24-hour period

Question 30

maintenance

Answer 30

maintaining the body at a constant WEIGHT/TEMPERATURE; maintenance nutrient requirement is a combination of nutrient needed for basal metabolism (heartbeat/breathing) and normal movement

Question 31

process of adding tissue similar to those already present to increase side of organism towards goal of maturity.

Answer 31

Growth

Question 32

final growth & fattening phase of production of meat animals; all nutrients needed but energy is needed in much higher proportions

Answer 32

Finishing

Question 33

TRUE or FALSE: more protein is needed during the finishing phase than the growth/production phase

Answer 33

FALSE

Question 34

3 basic types of analytical methods commonly used to analyze feeds for nutrient content:

Answer 34

-chemical procedures (standard chemistry applied to feeds)
-biological procedures (use animals to test feeds)
-microbiological procedures (use bacteria in place of higher animals)

Question 35

proximate analysis

Answer 35

set of chemical/analytical procedures designed to partition feedstuffs into water, ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, & nitrogen free extract

Question 36

is proximate analysis accurate?

Answer 36

NO, information provided can be misleading/inaccurate, however it will still be used