Animal Science Chapter 5 Flashcards
Intro to Nutrition
[nutrition is
the study of how the body uses nutrients to sustain life & for reproductive purposes
cost of feeding is ___ percent of total cost of livestock production
45-75%
specialty areas for animal nutritionists are divided into two categories:
Monogastric (fish, cats, dogs, horses, swine, poultry, monkeys, guinea pigs, mice, rats)
Ruminant (hooved animals that chew their cud; cattle sheep, goats, rumen species)
what is a rumen
fermentation chamber where bacteria & other microorganisms break down tough plant fibers (cellulose) into simpler compounds that the animal can absorb for energy)
-sheep
-goats
-dairy/beef cattle
most nutritionists tend to be what type of nutritionist
basic nutritionist: these tend to focus on explaining basic metabolism & nutrient action/interaction
the second type of nutritionists are?
applied nutritionist: practical; these work on practical questions such as cost effectiveness, method of delivery, & carcass effects (FEED EM& WEIGHT EM)
List nutritionist disciplines
-biochemistry -genetics -organic chemistry
-cytology -inorganic chemistry -phyisics
-economics -mathematics -physiology
-marketing -microbiology -veterinary medicine
-endocrinology -neurology -waste management
how are nutrients used
required for life processes; used in body metabolism to maintain the body and for reproduction, growth, & lactation; provide energy & building material for the body and metabolic regulators
two classifications of nutrients
dietary essential nutrients OR dietary nonessential nutrients
dietary essential nutrients
requires for normal physiological function; must be obtained from diet due to lack of synthesis from the body (body cant produce on its own) including water, carbs, vitamins, minerals, proteins, and lipids (fats).
dietary nonessential nutrients
synthesized by the body in necessary amounts to meet an animals requirements
water acts as a
-lubricant
-regulator of body temperature
-solvent for body’s solid components
-transporting medium in body fluids (blood, lymph, urine, sweat)
-necessary participant in chemical reactions of the body
list 3 ways animals can meet their need for water
-drinking water
-consuming feed with water in it
-metabolic water (produced by chemical reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats within the body)
provides energy for chemical reactions; organic molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; sugars, (starches & cellulose) <– complex carbs made up of long chains of linked glucose molecules
Carbohydrate
compounds made up of long chains of Amino Acids; primary uses in the body are as components of Lean tissue, Enzymes, Hormones, & Body metabolites
Protein
composed of the alcohol Glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached; used by the body as a source of energy & essential fatty acids; has 2.25x more energy than carbs; important carriers of fat-soluble vitamins & necessary for insulation/temperature regulation
Fats
organic compounds needed by the body in small amounts that are either fat-soluble or water-soluble
Vitamins
Inorganic constituents (components) of bones & teeth; important part of body’s enzyme system
Excess ___ in the diet is used as ____
Protein; energy
forages
fresh pastures/silages/hays primarily composed of cellulose; mammals lack necessary enzymes to break beta linkages down between glucose molecules present in cellulose, resulting in microbial fermentation
microbial fermentation
occurs in rumen/hindgut; cellulose is an important energy source for ruminants (cattle/sheep), pseudo ruminants (llamas) and hindgut fermenters (horses)
young animals need protein to ____
mature animals must only ____ exhausted proteins in the body
grow; replace
common protein feedstuffs contain
oilseed meals (soybean & cottonseed) *
fishmeal, alfalfa meal, & dried skim milk
fat soluble
involved in regulating body functions (vision, blood clotting, tissue maintenance, and growth [bone development])
water soluble
body metabolic regulation
minerals functional roles in body
-body fluid balance
-body acid-base balance
-nerve transmission
-muscle contraction
-oxygen transmission
-wound healing
-immune functions
minerals in feedstuffs as
-salt
-trace mineralized salt
-oyster shells
-lime
-bone meal
when would a feed be high in energy-furnishing nutrients?
fattening stage/producing milk & eggs
ration
specific feed allotment given to an animal in a 24-hour period
maintenance
maintaining the body at a constant WEIGHT/TEMPERATURE; maintenance nutrient requirement is a combination of nutrient needed for basal metabolism (heartbeat/breathing) and normal movement
process of adding tissue similar to those already present to increase side of organism towards goal of maturity.
Growth
final growth & fattening phase of production of meat animals; all nutrients needed but energy is needed in much higher proportions
Finishing
TRUE or FALSE: more protein is needed during the finishing phase than the growth/production phase
FALSE
3 basic types of analytical methods commonly used to analyze feeds for nutrient content:
-chemical procedures (standard chemistry applied to feeds)
-biological procedures (use animals to test feeds)
-microbiological procedures (use bacteria in place of higher animals)
proximate analysis
set of chemical/analytical procedures designed to partition feedstuffs into water, ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, & nitrogen free extract
is proximate analysis accurate?
NO, information provided can be misleading/inaccurate, however it will still be used
