Exam 2/Quiz 5-Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards
Where is the heart located?
pericardial cavity/space within the mediastinum
What is the mediastinum?
medial cavity of the thorax
The apex of the heart rests on the _____.
diaphragm
Apex of heart vs. Apex of lungs
Apex of heart is on the bottom/lungs on top
What is the lining of the pericardial cavity referred to as?
Parietal pericardium
How many layers are there on the heart?
3
Which layer is known as the visceral pericardium?
Epicardium
Name the 3 layers of the heart.
- Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
What are the names of the 5 vessels of the CV system?
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Vein
All arteries carry blood _____ from the heart.
away
All veins carry blood ____ the heart.
towards
All arteries carry Oxygenated blood except for ____ ____.
Pulmonary Arteries
All veins carry Deoxygenated blood except for _____ ____.
Pulmonary Veins
Which is thicker… artery or vein?
artery
Define Cardiac Cycle.
Series of events that occurs during one heartbeat
Define Systole.
A period of contraction in a heart chamber
Define Diastole.
A period of relaxation in a heart chamber
What is systole and diastole called clinically?
Ventricular Systole and Ventricular Diastole
When is the lubb sound made?
Sound heard when Atrioventricular valves close
When is the dupp sound made?
Sound heard when Semilunar valves close
During diastole which valves are open?
AV Valves
During systole which valves are open?
Semilunar Valves
When are the lubb sounds made?
End of atrial Systole (contracting)
When the dupp sounds are made is the heart contracting (systole) or relaxing (diastole)?
Diastole (relaxing)
Define auscultate.
to listen to
How many auscultation areas of the heart are there?
4
What are the 4 auscultation areas of the heart?
- Bicuspid Area
- Tricuspid Area
- Aortic Semilunar Area
- Pulmonary Semilunar Area
Name the 6 steps of the cardiac cycle.
- Atrial Systole Begins
- Atrial Systole Ends/Atrial Diastole Begins
- Ventricular Systole- First Phase
- Ventricular Systole- Second Phase
- Ventricular Diastole- Early
- Ventricular Systole- Late
Describe the 1st Step of the Cardiac Cycle: Atrial Systole Begins
Atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into relaxed ventricles
Describe the 3rd Step of the Cardiac Cycle: Ventricular Systole- First Phase
Ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves
Describe the 4th Step of the Cardiac Cycle: Ventricular Systole- Second Phase
As ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in arteries the semilunar valves open, and blood is ejected
Describe the 5th Step of the Cardiac Cycle: Ventricular Diastole- Early
As ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles drops; blood flows back against cusps of semilunar valves and forces them closed. Blood flows into relaxed atria
Describe the 6th Step of the Cardiac Cycle: Ventricular Systole- Late
All chambers are relaxed. Ventricles fill passively.
Isovolumetric Contraction means what?
Everything is the Same volume (all valves closed)
Define Blood Pressure (BP).
Force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels
Define Systolic Pressure.
MAXIMUM pressure inside the aorta during ventricular SYSTOLE
Define Diastolic Pressure.
MINIMUM pressure inside the aorta during ventricular DIASTOLE
BP measured is the ____ blood pressure – usually the ____ artery is used
- arterial
2. brachial
Normal Blood pressure is:
120/80 mmHg (Systolic/Diastolic)
What device is used to measure blood pressure?
Sphygmomanometer (Sphyg-mom-ano-meter)
How do you get the pulse pressure?
Systolic pressure – Diastolic pressure
There are 3 steps in the procedure for measuring blood pressure. For each step describe the:
- Procedure
- State of the brachial artery
- Sounds heard
STEP 1:
- Cuff pressure inflated above systolic pressure
- Brachial artery occluded by cuff/no blood flow
- No sound
STEP 2:
- Pressure in the cuff is released to below systolic but higher than diastolic
- Blood spurts into constricted artery
- Korotkoff sounds heard (first heard at 120mmHg)
STEP 3:
- Pressure in cuff below diastolic
- Blood flows freely
- Sounds disappear (disappear at 80mmHg)
Define Pulse.
Rhythmic expansion and recoil of the arteries that corresponds to the heartbeat
At what 4 locations can the pulse be taken?
- Temporal artery
- Carotid artery
- Radial artery
- Popliteal artery
Describe the path of the cardiac conduction system.
- Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
- Internodal pathways (spread impulse across walls of atria and to AV node)
- Atrioventricular node
- Bundle of His Fibers
- Bundle fibers
- Purkinje fibers
On an electrocardiogram:
What does the P wave indicate?
Atrial Depolarization
On an electrocardiogram:
What does the QRS complex indicate?
Ventricular Depolarization
On an electrocardiogram:
What does the T wave indicate?
Ventricular Repolarization
Depolarization means what?
Contraction
Repolarization means what?
Relaxation
Isovolumetric contraction occurs when?
At the beginning of ventricular systole.
What is the mean arterial pressure?
Average pressure that drives blood through the systemic circulation
How do you calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
