Exam 1/Quiz 2- General Senses Flashcards
List the steps from stimulus of sensory receptor to effector.
- Sensory Stimulus binds to receptor
- Mixed spinal nerve—–>Sensory neuron in dorsal root —> dorsal root ganglion–> Spinal Cord Grey Matter
- Interneuron transfers impulse from sensory to motor neuron
- Motor neuron—–> Ventral root
- Mixed Spinal nerve travels to effector organ
What do sensory receptors detect? What are examples of this?
- Changes in external and internal environment
2. Homeostasis and pH
What are structures within the neuron?
- Dendritic spines
- Dendrites
- Cell body
- Axon
- Synaptic vesicles
What are dendritic spines stimulated by?
- Environmental changes
2. Activities of other cells
What does the cell body contain?
Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, ect.
What is the function of the axon?
Conducts nerve impulse (action potential), toward synaptic vesicles
What is contained within the synaptic vesicles?
Hormones/(NT’s?)
What is the function of synaptic vesicles?
Affect another neuron or effector (muscle, gland, ect.)
General senses have _____ neural pathways.
Simple
Special senses have ______ neural pathways.
Complex
What are the 6 general senses?
- Touch
- Temperature
- Pain
- Chemical detection
- Pressure detection
- Proprioception (body position)
Where are special sense receptors housed?
Specialized organs
What are the 5 special senses?
- Gustation (taste)
- Olfaction (smell)
- Vision
- Audition (hearing)
- Equilibrium
What is a receptive field?
A specific region that is monitored by a sensory neuron
What does overlap in adjacent receptive fields allow the brain to do?
Detect where a stimulus was applied to the body
What is a labeled line?
Neural link between receptor and cortical neurons of the central nervous system
The neuron of a given receptive field is connected to a specific area of the sensory cortex. What is this neural connection called?
Labeled Line
Define sensory coding.
Pattern of action potentials, provides CNS with such information such as:
- Intensity
- Duration
- Variation
- Movement of the stimulus
What is referred pain?
Sometimes the body projects a sensation (usually pain) to other parts of the body.
What are the two types of sensory receptors?
- Tonic Receptors
2. Phasic Receptors
Are tonic receptors always active or usually inactive?
Always active
Are phasic receptors always active or usually inactive?
Usually inactive/ “turned on” with stimulation
What is an example of a tonic receptor?
Pain receptors
What is an example of a phasic receptor?
Touch receptors
What are noicereceptors?
Pain receptors in the epidermis
What changes do thermoreceptors sense?
Senses changes in temperature
What changes do chemoreceptors sense?
Monitors changes in chemical concentrations
What changes do mechanoreceptors sense?
Touch receptors
What are the 3 types of mechanoreceptors?
- Baroreceptors
- Proprioceptors
- Tactile receptors
What is the function of baroreceptors? Give two examples.
- Monitors pressure changes in liquids and gases
2. When you have to urinate/Loose a lot of blood
What is the function of proprioceptors? How many types are there/what are they?
- Stimulated by changes in body position
- 2
- Muscle Spindles
- Golgi tendon organs
Where are muscle spindles located? What is their function?
- Muscle
2. Inform the brain about muscle tension
Where are Golgi tendon organs located? What is their function?
- Tendons, near joints
2. Inform the brain about joint position
All touch receptors, including tactile receptors (big list of ones we have to identify) are what kind of sensory receptor?
Phasic receptors
List the structures of skin from superficial to deep.
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis
What are the two types of tactile receptors?
- Unencapsulated
2. Encapsulated (with connective tissue)
Which tactile receptors are more sensitive, unencapsulated or Encapsulated?
Unencapsulated
Tactile touch receptors are located within the _____.
Skin
What are the 3 types of unencapsulated tactile receptors?
- Free dendritic endings
- Merkel cells
- Root hair plexuses
What are the 4 types of encapsulated tactile receptors?
- Meissner’s corpuscles/Tactile corpuscles
- Krause’s end bulbs
- Pacinian corpuscles/ Lamellated corpuscles
- Ruffini’s corpuscles
Where are free dendritic endings usually found? What do they usually sense?
- Most body tissues/Most dense in connective tissue
2. Pain/heat/cold
Where are merkel cells usually found? What do they usually respond to?
- In basal layer of epidermis of skin
2. Sensory neurons at swollen synapses called tactile discs
What are tactile discs?
Sensory neurons at swollen synapses
Where are root hair plexuses usually found? What do they usually sense?
- Surrounding hair follicles
2. Movement of hair
What are meissner’s corpuscles also called?
Tactile corpuscles
What are pacinian corpuscles also called?
Lamellated corpuscles
Where are meissner’s corpuscles/tactile corpuscles usually found? What are 5 specific body structures? What do they usually sense?
- Located in dermal papillae of hairless skin
- Nipples
- External genitalia
- Fingertips
- Soles of feet
- Eyelids
- Fine touch (highly sensitive to pressure, change in shape, touch)
Where are Krause’s end bulbs usually found? Provide specific body structures as examples.
- Connective tissue mucosae (mouth and conjunctiva of eye)
2. Hairless skin near body openings (lips)
Where are pacinian corpuscles/ lamellated corpuscles usually found? What are 8 specific body structures? What do they usually sense?
- Subcutaneous layer of skin
- Mesentary
- Tendons
- Ligaments
- Joint capsules
- Fingertips
- Soles of feet
- Nipples
- External genitalia
- Deep touch (deep pressure, and vibrations)
Where are Ruffini’s corpuscles usually found? What do they usually sense?
- Located deep in the dermis/hypodermis/Found in Joint capsules
- Changes in tension or shape of skin (from pulling of collagen fibers they’re surrounded by)
What is the two-point discrimination test?
Used to map the distribution of touch receptors on the skin
How is the two-point discrimination test preformed?
Drawing compass used to gently poke partner, and partner decides if two-points were felt. The distance is measured after each trial, and recorded.
In the two-point discrimination test, what was the most to least sensitive?
- Index finger
- Side of nose
- Back of hand
- Back of neck
Define adaption.
When a receptor is first stimulated to a stimulus, it responds strongly but as the stimulus is repeated there is a decline in response. (essentially a reduction in sensitivity)
What is peripheral adaption?
Decline in response to stimuli at receptors/reduces amount of information CNS must process.
Where does central adaption occur?
CNS
What is central adaption?
Inhibition along sensory pathway reduces sensory information
Are phasic receptors fast adapting, or slow adapting?
Fast adapting
Are tonic receptors fast adapting, or slow adapting?
Slow adapting
What are 3 example of referred pain?
- Putting hand in cold water, and having pain in shoulder
- Brain freeze
- Sensation felt in left medial arm during a heart attack
Explain how a brain freeze works.
When you quickly drink something cold, you feel the pain in your forehead because the nerves from the throat refer the pain to the forehead because they are innervated by the same nerves.
Review experiments and results
Know general idea
