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BIO 322- Anatomy & Physiology Lab > Exam 1/Quiz 3- Physiology of the Eye/Physiology of the Ear > Flashcards

Exam 1/Quiz 3- Physiology of the Eye/Physiology of the Ear Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the special senses?

A
  1. Vision
  2. Hearing
  3. Smell
  4. Taste
  5. Balance/Equilibrium
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2
Q

What are the names of the extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A
  1. Superior oblique
  2. Inferior oblique
  3. Superior rectus
  4. Inferior rectus
  5. Lateral rectus
  6. Medial rectus
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3
Q

Lateral Rectus:

  1. Innervation (number and name)
  2. Action
A
  1. CN VI: Abducens

2. Moves eye laterally

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4
Q

Medial Rectus:

  1. Innervation (number and name)
  2. Action
A
  1. CN III: Oculomotor

2. Moves eye medially

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5
Q

Superior Rectus:

  1. Innervation (number and name)
  2. Action
A
  1. CN III: Oculomotor

2. Elevates eye/Rolls eye superiorly

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6
Q

Inferior Rectus:

  1. Innervation (number and name)
  2. Action
A
  1. CN III: Oculomotor

2. Depresses eye/Rolls eye inferiorly

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7
Q

Inferior Oblique:

  1. Innervation (number and name)
  2. Action
A
  1. CN III: Oculomotor

2. Elevates eye/ Turns eye laterally

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8
Q

Superior Oblique:

  1. Innervation (number and name)
  2. Action
A
  1. CN IV: Trochlear

2. Depresses eye/Turns eye laterally

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9
Q

What extrinsic eye muscles does CN VI (abducens nerve) innervate?

A

Lateral Rectus

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10
Q

What extrinsic eye muscles does CN III (oculomotor ) innervate?

A
  1. Medial Rectus
  2. Superior Rectus
  3. Inferior Rectus
  4. Inferior Oblique
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11
Q

What extrinsic eye muscles does CN IV (trochlear) innervate?

A

Superior Oblique

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12
Q

The optic disc is also known as what?

A

Blind spot

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13
Q

What is different about the optic disc? (what is it missing)

A

Has no rod or cone cells

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14
Q

What part of the eye has the highest visual acuity?

A

Fovea centralis

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15
Q

The fovea centralis has a high concentration of what?

A

Cone cells

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16
Q

What is located within the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

Aqueous Humour

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17
Q

What is located within the posterior chamber of the eye?

A

Vitreous Humour

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18
Q

What does the optic nerve run through?

A

Optic disc

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19
Q

Define visual acuity.

A

Sharpness of vision

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20
Q

Normal vision (20/20) is known as __________.

A

Emmetropic Eye

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21
Q

Explain what it means to have 20/30 vision.

A

You can see at 20 feet what an emmetropic eye can see at 30 feet.

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22
Q

Myopia is also known as _______.

A

Nearsightedness

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23
Q

Hyperopia is also known as ______.

A

Farsightedness

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24
Q

What does it mean to have nearsightedness (myopia)?

A

Able to see close objects clearly but not distant ones

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25
Q

What does it mean to have farsightedness (hyperopia)?

A

Able to see distant objects clearly but not close ones

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26
Q

Define Astigmatism.

A

Blurred vision due to irregularities in the curvatures of the lens (or cornea-book)

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27
Q

Define Blind Spot.

A

An area of the retina lacking photoreceptors (rod and cone cells)

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28
Q

Define Accommodation.

A

The ability of the eye to focus specifically for close objects (eye lens changes shape to focus light on retina)

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29
Q

How many reflexes are involved in accommodation?

A

3

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30
Q

When the ciliary body muscles contract the lens becomes ______.

A

Round

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31
Q

When the ciliary body muscles are relaxed the lens is ______.

A

Flat

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32
Q

The ciliary body muscles contract (becomes round) to see closer or farther objects?

A

Closer

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33
Q

The ciliary body muscles relax (becomes flat) to see closer or farther objects?

A

Farther

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34
Q

Define Presbyopia.

A

Difficulty in focusing due to aging.

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35
Q

Why does presbyopia occur?

A

Elasticity of the lens decreases dramatically with age

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36
Q

What muscles are involved in the Eye Convergence Reflex? What muscle mainly?

A
  1. Extrinsic Eye Muscles

2. Medial rectus muscles

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37
Q

What does the Eye Convergence Reflex do?

A

Crosses both eyes to look straight at the object.

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38
Q

Describe what happens to these following structures when using close vision:

  1. Ciliary Body Muscles
  2. Suspensory Ligaments
  3. Lens
A
  1. Contracts the ciliary body
  2. Relaxes the suspensory ligaments holding the lens
  3. Lens more rounded in shape
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39
Q

Describe what happens to these following structures when using distant vision:

  1. Ciliary Body Muscles
  2. Suspensory Ligaments
  3. Lens
A
  1. Ciliary body relaxes
  2. Contracts the suspensory ligaments holding the lens
  3. Stretches the lens and flattens it
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40
Q

Define Saccades. Give examples.

A

Jumping eye motions that occur when a person is reading or looking out the window of a moving car

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41
Q

What is the point of saccades?

A

Involuntary larger movements to fix on a series of points in rapid succession

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42
Q

What does a Electrooculogram (EOG) do?

A

Measures neuromuscular signals by recording the voltage changes that occur as eye position changes

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43
Q

What can a Electrooculogram (EOG) be used for?

A
  1. Detect an eye movement impairment
  2. Measuring sleep patterns (This is a set up to record
    Rapid Eye Movement [REM] during sleep)
  3. Measuring retinal dysfunction
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44
Q

What is contained within the outer ear?

A
  1. Pinna

2. External Acoustic Meatus (Ear canal)

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45
Q

What is contained within the middle ear?

A
  1. Tympanic Membrane (ear drum)
  2. Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
  3. Eustachian Tube
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46
Q

What is contained within the inner ear?

A
  1. Cochlea
  2. Oval Window
  3. Round Window
  4. Vestibule
  5. 3 semicircular canals
47
Q

What is the function of the vestibule?

A

Organ for sensing orientation of the head

48
Q

The vestibule is involved with ____ ____.

A

Static Equilibrium

49
Q

What are Maculae?

A

Receptors for static equilibrium

50
Q

Where are maculae located? How are maculae structured? What is their function?

A
  1. Vestibule
  2. Have hair cells with stereocilia and weighted with otoliths
  3. Sense changes in the orientation of the head
51
Q

What is the function of the Semicircular Canals?

A

Structures that detects rotation movement

52
Q

The semicircular canals are involved with ____ ____.

A

Dynamic Equilibrium

53
Q

Where are the receptors for dynamic equilibrium?

A

Crista in the ampulla of each semicircular duct

54
Q

Define Nystagmus.

A

Is a reflex movement of the eyes in an attempt to maintain balance

55
Q

Define Sound vibrations.

A

Waves of pressure changes

56
Q

Define Frequency/Pitch. What is it measured in?

A
  1. Number of compressed regions that pass a given point in one second of the sound
  2. Hz
57
Q

Define Amplitude/Intensity. What is it measured in?

A
  1. Measure of loudness of the sound

2. db

58
Q

Frequency is the same as what?

A

Pitch

59
Q

Amplitude is the same as what?

A

Intensity

60
Q

When looking at a wavelength, amplitude/intensity is the what?

A

Height

61
Q

When looking at a wavelength, frequency/pitch is the what?

A

Length of the waves

62
Q

What are the two types of conduction of sound?

A
  1. Air conduction

2. Bone conduction

63
Q

Describe the path air conduction of sound takes.

A

Ear canal -> Ear drum -> Auditory ossicles -> Oval window

64
Q

Describe the path bone conduction of sound takes.

A

Through skull and soft tissues of the head -> Cochlea directly

65
Q

Does air conduction or bone conduction have a higher amplification?

A

Air conduction

66
Q

What are the two types of deafness?

A
  1. Conduction Deafness

2. Sensorineural Deafness

67
Q

Describe Air conduction Deafness.

A

Caused by deficiencies in the air conduction route of hearing

68
Q

Describe Sensorineural Deafness.

A

Caused by damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve or cochlea.

69
Q

If air conduction deafness is the only problem then the ____ ___ should be able to detect ____ ___ ___ through ____ ____ route.

A
  1. inner
  2. ear
  3. normal
  4. sound
  5. levels
  6. bone
  7. conduction
70
Q

What are the two types of test we use for hearing?

A
  1. Weber Test

2. Rinne Test

71
Q

Where is the vibrating tuning fork placed in the Weber Test?

A

Medially on the head

72
Q

Where is the vibrating tuning fork placed in the Rinne Test?

A
  1. Testing for conduction deafness: near ear

2. Mastoid process

73
Q

What does the weber test tell us?

A

Can identify hearing loss in one ear, but it does not identify
the type of hearing loss

74
Q

Conduction tests with tuning forks cause which ear to hear the sound louder?

A

The ear with the deafness to hear the sound louder than the normal ear

75
Q

Why do conduction test with tuning forks cause the ear with the deafness to hear the sound louder than the normal ear?

A

Because of the increased sensitivity to sounds in the ear with conduction deafness

76
Q

What does the iris regulate? How?

A

How much light can pass into the lens (by constricting the pupil)

77
Q

What conditions does the Snellen eye chart test for?

A
  1. Myopic eye

2. Visual acuity

78
Q

Which is sharper 20/20 or 20/30 vision?

A

20/20

79
Q

Myopic eyes focus images where in relation to the retina?

A

Infront of the retina

80
Q

Hyperopic eyes focus images where in relation to the retina?

A

Behind the retina

81
Q

What is used to adjust vision of myopic/hyperopic eyes?

A

Corrective lenses

82
Q

With astigmatism, the patient will have an irregularly shaped cornea or lens, what happens to light rays in this condition?

A

Bends/REFRACTS light rays incorrectly resulting in blurred vision

83
Q

Objects 20ft or further (far) light rays enter the eye _____.

A

Parallel

84
Q

Objects closer than 20ft (close) light rays enter the eye _____.

A

Divergent (spreading)

85
Q

The rounder the lens the ______ the focal distance.

A

Shorter

86
Q

What is presbyopia a form of?

A

Farsightedness

87
Q

Near point

A

The closest distance from which one can see an object in sharp focus.

88
Q

What are the names of the two primary mechanisms used to fixate on objects in the visual field?

A
  1. Voluntary Fixation

2. Involuntary Fixation

89
Q

Voluntary fixation.

A

Allows you to direct your visual attention and lock onto the selected object.

90
Q

Involuntary fixation.

A

Allows you to keep a selected object in your visual field once it has been found.

91
Q

Define Tracking movements. Give an example.

A

Large slow movements (watching bird fly) that occur when YOU choose to look at a object

92
Q

What two functions does the inner ear serve.

A
  1. Balance

2. Hearing

93
Q

What is vertigo? How is vertigo caused?

A

Motion sickness (CNS receives conflicting information from inner ear, eyes, other receptors)

94
Q

What are the receptors for hearing called? Where are they located?

A
  1. Auditory receptors

2. Cochlea of the inner ear

95
Q

What does conduction deafness involve damage to?

A

Tympanic membrane or to one or more of the auditory ossicles.

96
Q

What is used to correct conduction deafness?

A

Hearing aids

97
Q

What is another name for sensorineural deafness?

A

Nerve deafness

98
Q

What are the 6 steps in which hearing works?***

A
  1. Sound waves arrive at tympanic membrane
  2. Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles
  3. Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the sacral vestibule
  4. The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the scala tympani
  5. Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane
  6. Information about the region and the intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII (8)
99
Q

Where are the hair cells of the cochlea located?

A

Cochlear duct of the cochlea

100
Q

What are the 3 reflexes in accommodation?

A
  1. Accommodation of the lens
  2. Pupillary accommodation
  3. Convergence of the eyes
101
Q

What is pupillary accommodation?

A

Iris contracts to constrict the pupil letting less divergent light in, thus making it easer to focus

102
Q

Is a myopic eye usually caused by an elongated or shortened eye?

A

Elongated

103
Q

Is a hyperopic eye usually caused by an elongated or shortened eye?

A

Shortened

104
Q

What does the near-point accommodation test, test for?

A
  1. Hyperopic eyes

2. Presbyopic eyes

105
Q

What can you test a astigmatism with?

A

Astigmatism chart

106
Q

Nerve deafness affects which routes of conduction?

A

Air & Bone Conduction Routes

107
Q

Conduction deadness affects which routes of conduction?

A

Only Air conduction routes

108
Q

You preform a weber test on a patient, and the sound is heard equally in both ears. What can this mean?

A
  1. Equal normal hearing in both ears.
    - -OR—
  2. Equal hearing loss in both ears.
109
Q

You preform a weber test on a patient, and the sound is louder in one ear. What can this mean?

A
  1. Air conduction deafness in the ‘good’ (ear that hears sound) ear
    - OR—
  2. Nerve deafness in the ‘bad’ ear.
110
Q

What can the Rinne test tell us?

A

Which ear is deaf

111
Q

In the Rinne test, are you supposed to hear the sound longer when the fork is on the mastoid process, or the near the ear?

A

Near the ear

112
Q

When conducting the Rinne test, if after holding the tuning for to the ear, and then waiting for the sound to no longer be audible the patient hears the sound on the mastoid process this would indicate what?

A

Air conduction deafness

113
Q

High Frequency/Pitch have long or short wavelengths?

A

Short

114
Q

Low Frequency/Pitch have long or short wavelengths?

A

Long

BIO 322- Anatomy & Physiology Lab (9 decks)

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