Exam 2/No Quiz- Functional Anatomy of the Urinary System Flashcards
What is the function of the urinary system?
- Eliminates water soluble wastes & toxins in the form of urine
- Control blood volume/blood pressure
- Maintains the electrolyte, acid- base and fluid balances of the blood
- Control blood pH
____ kidney is slightly lower than the ____ kidney.
Right/Left
What enters the renal hilus? Exits:
Enters:
1. Renal artery
Exits:
- Renal vein
- Ureter
Which is more abundant, cortical or juxtamedullary nephrons?
Cortical nephrons (85%)
What is the glomerulus?
capillary bed= network of capillaries
Describe the path of filtrate through the nephron.
- Glomerulus
- Bowmans Capsule
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule
- Descending Loop of Henle
- Ascending Loop of Henle
- Dista lConvoluted Tubule
- Collecting duct
What does the collecting duct lead to?
Renal Pelvis
What is included within the primary filtrate?
- Water
- Salts
- Sugars (Glucose)
- Amino acids
- Lipids
- Small hormone molecules
- Urea
- Uric acid
- Ammonia
- Creatinine
EXCEPT: CELLS AND SERUM PROTEINS
Of the primary filtrate, what is recovered?
- Water
- Salts
- Sugars (Glucose)
- Amino acids
What is not recovered from the primary filtrate?
- Urea
- Some water
- Some salts
Whatever is not recovered from the primary filtrate, forms what?
Urine
Describe the lining of the renal tubules.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Describe the lining of the Bowman’s capsule.
Simple squamous epithelium
What is the pathology of nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis?
The small capillaries that filter blood are distorted or compressed by the nodular scarring (sclerosis)
For the abnormal constituent, list the associated causes:
Glucose
Glycosuria is the condition of glucose in urine. Normally the filtered glucose is reabsorbed by the renal tubules and returned to the blood by carrier molecules. If blood glucose levels exceed renal threshold levels, the untransported glucose will spill over into the urine.***
Non-pathological causes:
1. Excessive intake of sugary foods
Pathological Causes:
1. Diabetes mellitus
What is glucose in the urine called?
Glycosuria
What is the presence of hemoglobin in the urine?
Hemoglobinuria
What is the presence of intact erythrocytes (RBC’S) in urine called?
Hematuria
What is the presence of leukocytes (WBCS) and bacteria in urine called?
pyuria
How much L/day of blood filtrate do the kidneys process? How much is reabsorbed?
- 180L/day
2. 99%
Basically, the blood filtrate includes everything in the blood except what?
- Blood cells
2. Large serum proteins
Urine that exits the kidneys is mostly what?
- Warer
- Urea
- Uric Acid
- Ammonia
- Creatinine
What is a key way to assess kidney function (GFR)?
blood versus urine creatinine levels
Are cortical nephrons the long or short nephrons?
Short
Most urine is made with ____ nephrons.
short/cortical
Concentrated urine is made with ___ nephrons.
long/juxtamedullary nephrons
Reabsorbing vs. Secreting
Reabsorbing = putting back into blood Secreting= put into filtrate
List the functions of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule.
- Reabsorbs most of the nutrients (amino acids and sugars) both by active and passive transport
- Reabsorbs water by osmosis
- Reabsorbs bicarbonate and secretes H+ ions, which regulate pH which affects the breathing rate
- Reabsorbs K+ (minimally)
List the functions of the Descending Loop of Henle.
- Permeable to water
- Water moves out of the descending loop of Henle and thus concentrating the filtrate as it enters the ascending loop of Henle
List the functions of the Ascending Loop of Henle.
- Not permeable to water, but is permeable to solute.
- NaCl exits the ascending limb because it is now higher in solute concentration than in the surrounding tissues, especially deep in the medulla near the bend. NaCl is actively pumped out higher up in the medulla.
What does Diuresis mean?
excessive urine
In the DCT & Collecting Duct, what does aldosterone do?
Aldosterone influences reabsorption of sodium ions
In the DCT DCT & Collecting Duct, what does parathryoid hormone (PTH) do?
Influences reabsorption of calcium ions; regulates pH by absorbing bicarbonate ions and secreting H+ ions.
In the DCT DCT & Collecting Duct, what does anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) do?
Influences reabsorption of water by inserting water channels called aquaporins
List the functions of the Distal Convoluted Tubule.
- Salts reabsorbed
- Water reabsorbed
- Bicarbonate reabsorbed
- K+ & H+ secreted
List the functions of the Collecting duct.
- Actively transports out NaCl and moves out water by osmosis.
- The amount of water reabsorbed from here is under hormonal control - Deeper in the medulla some urea is also reabsorbed from the collecting duct.
- This adds to the osmotic gradient that peaks in the inner medulla
What structures are involved with the countercurrent multiplier?
- Loop of Henle
2. Collecting Duct
What is the function of the countercurrent multiplier?
to greatly concentrate the urine
The loop of Henle, along with the parallel collecting duct, work together as a _______ ______ to greatly concentrate the urine.
countercurrent multiplier
What organ can be considered a/the major homeostatic organ of the body?
Kidney
What drains blood from the kidneys?
renal veins
What drains the urine from the kidneys into the urinary bladder?
Ureters
What drains the bladder?
Urethra
What is the trigone?
Triangular region of the bladder which is outlined by 3 openings
Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary? What muscle is it composed of?
- Involuntary
2. Smooth muscle
Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary? What muscle is it composed of?
- Voluntary
2. Skeletal muscle
Is the urethra shorter in males or females?
Females
What is the opening in which urine flows out of?
External urethral orifice
What is the smooth transparent membrane that adheres tightly to the surface of the kidney?
fibrous capsule
What is the function of the fibrous capsule?
prevents infections in surrounding areas from spreading to the kidneys
The base of the medullary pyramids face what? Apex?
- Cortex
2. Pointed region that faces inner kidney
Fingerlike extensions of the renal pelvis form what?
calyces
What is the function of the calyces?
Collect urine draining continuously from the pyramid tips
Ketone bodies in urine is called?
Ketonuria
Proteins in urine is called?
Proteinuria/Albuminuria
Bile pigments in urine is called?
bilirubinuria
What is the arterial blood supply delivered to the kidneys by?
Renal arteries
As a renal artery approaches the kidney it breaks up into 5 branches called:
Segmental arteries
List the 6 of divisions of the renal artery.
- Rental artery
- Segmental artery (5)
- Lobar arteries (several)
- Interlobar arteries (which ascend toward the cortex in the renal column areas)
- Arcuate arteries
- Cortical radiate arteries
- Afferent arterioles
Describe the path that the blood being drained out of the arteries take. (
- Cortical radiate veins
- Arcuate veins
- Interlobar veins
- Renal Vein
What is different about the renal artery vs renal vein divisions.
There are no lobar or segmental veins
What is larger in diameter, afferent or efferent arteriole?
afferent
If urine becomes excessively concentrated, some of the solutes begin to precipitate or crystallize forming
kidney stones or renal calculi
What are the 2 capillary beds of the kidney?
- Glomerulus
2. Peritubular capillary bed
What is the glomerulus fed, and drained by?
Afferent/Efferent arterioles
The peritubular capillary bed arises from the _____ ____.
- efferent arteriole
What does the peritubular capillary bed empty into?
cortical radiate veins
High pressure or Low Pressure:
- Peritubular capillaries
- Glomerulus
- Low pressure
2. High pressure
The glomerulus _____ the filtrate, and the peritubular capillaries _____ most of that filtrate.
- produces
2. reabsorb
