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BIO 322- Anatomy & Physiology Lab > Exam 2/No Quiz- Functional Anatomy of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Exam 2/No Quiz- Functional Anatomy of the Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A
  1. Eliminates water soluble wastes & toxins in the form of urine
  2. Control blood volume/blood pressure
  3. Maintains the electrolyte, acid- base and fluid balances of the blood
  4. Control blood pH
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2
Q

____ kidney is slightly lower than the ____ kidney.

A

Right/Left

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3
Q

What enters the renal hilus? Exits:

A

Enters:
1. Renal artery

Exits:

  1. Renal vein
  2. Ureter
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4
Q

Which is more abundant, cortical or juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons (85%)

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5
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

capillary bed= network of capillaries

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6
Q

Describe the path of filtrate through the nephron.

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowmans Capsule
  3. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  4. Descending Loop of Henle
  5. Ascending Loop of Henle
  6. Dista lConvoluted Tubule
  7. Collecting duct
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7
Q

What does the collecting duct lead to?

A

Renal Pelvis

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8
Q

What is included within the primary filtrate?

A
  1. Water
  2. Salts
  3. Sugars (Glucose)
  4. Amino acids
  5. Lipids
  6. Small hormone molecules
  7. Urea
  8. Uric acid
  9. Ammonia
  10. Creatinine

EXCEPT: CELLS AND SERUM PROTEINS

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9
Q

Of the primary filtrate, what is recovered?

A
  1. Water
  2. Salts
  3. Sugars (Glucose)
  4. Amino acids
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10
Q

What is not recovered from the primary filtrate?

A
  1. Urea
  2. Some water
  3. Some salts
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11
Q

Whatever is not recovered from the primary filtrate, forms what?

A

Urine

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12
Q

Describe the lining of the renal tubules.

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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13
Q

Describe the lining of the Bowman’s capsule.

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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14
Q

What is the pathology of nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis?

A

The small capillaries that filter blood are distorted or compressed by the nodular scarring (sclerosis)

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15
Q

For the abnormal constituent, list the associated causes:

Glucose

A

Glycosuria is the condition of glucose in urine. Normally the filtered glucose is reabsorbed by the renal tubules and returned to the blood by carrier molecules. If blood glucose levels exceed renal threshold levels, the untransported glucose will spill over into the urine.***

Non-pathological causes:
1. Excessive intake of sugary foods

Pathological Causes:
1. Diabetes mellitus

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16
Q

What is glucose in the urine called?

A

Glycosuria

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17
Q

What is the presence of hemoglobin in the urine?

A

Hemoglobinuria

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18
Q

What is the presence of intact erythrocytes (RBC’S) in urine called?

A

Hematuria

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19
Q

What is the presence of leukocytes (WBCS) and bacteria in urine called?

A

pyuria

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20
Q

How much L/day of blood filtrate do the kidneys process? How much is reabsorbed?

A
  1. 180L/day

2. 99%

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21
Q

Basically, the blood filtrate includes everything in the blood except what?

A
  1. Blood cells

2. Large serum proteins

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22
Q

Urine that exits the kidneys is mostly what?

A
  1. Warer
  2. Urea
  3. Uric Acid
  4. Ammonia
  5. Creatinine
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23
Q

What is a key way to assess kidney function (GFR)?

A

blood versus urine creatinine levels

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24
Q

Are cortical nephrons the long or short nephrons?

A

Short

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25
Q

Most urine is made with ____ nephrons.

A

short/cortical

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26
Q

Concentrated urine is made with ___ nephrons.

A

long/juxtamedullary nephrons

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27
Q

Reabsorbing vs. Secreting

A 
Reabsorbing = putting back into blood
Secreting= put into filtrate
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28
Q

List the functions of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule.

A
  1. Reabsorbs most of the nutrients (amino acids and sugars) both by active and passive transport
  2. Reabsorbs water by osmosis
  3. Reabsorbs bicarbonate and secretes H+ ions, which regulate pH which affects the breathing rate
  4. Reabsorbs K+ (minimally)
29
Q

List the functions of the Descending Loop of Henle.

A
  • Permeable to water
  • Water moves out of the descending loop of Henle and thus concentrating the filtrate as it enters the ascending loop of Henle
30
Q

List the functions of the Ascending Loop of Henle.

A
  • Not permeable to water, but is permeable to solute.
  • NaCl exits the ascending limb because it is now higher in solute concentration than in the surrounding tissues, especially deep in the medulla near the bend. NaCl is actively pumped out higher up in the medulla.
31
Q

What does Diuresis mean?

A

excessive urine

32
Q

In the DCT & Collecting Duct, what does aldosterone do?

A

Aldosterone influences reabsorption of sodium ions

33
Q

In the DCT DCT & Collecting Duct, what does parathryoid hormone (PTH) do?

A

Influences reabsorption of calcium ions; regulates pH by absorbing bicarbonate ions and secreting H+ ions.

34
Q

In the DCT DCT & Collecting Duct, what does anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) do?

A

Influences reabsorption of water by inserting water channels called aquaporins

35
Q

List the functions of the Distal Convoluted Tubule.

A
  1. Salts reabsorbed
  2. Water reabsorbed
  3. Bicarbonate reabsorbed
  4. K+ & H+ secreted
36
Q

List the functions of the Collecting duct.

A
  • Actively transports out NaCl and moves out water by osmosis.
    - The amount of water reabsorbed from here is under hormonal control
  • Deeper in the medulla some urea is also reabsorbed from the collecting duct.
    - This adds to the osmotic gradient that peaks in the inner medulla
37
Q

What structures are involved with the countercurrent multiplier?

A
  1. Loop of Henle

2. Collecting Duct

38
Q

What is the function of the countercurrent multiplier?

A

to greatly concentrate the urine

39
Q

The loop of Henle, along with the parallel collecting duct, work together as a _______ ______ to greatly concentrate the urine.

A

countercurrent multiplier

40
Q

What organ can be considered a/the major homeostatic organ of the body?

A

Kidney

41
Q

What drains blood from the kidneys?

A

renal veins

42
Q

What drains the urine from the kidneys into the urinary bladder?

A

Ureters

43
Q

What drains the bladder?

A

Urethra

44
Q

What is the trigone?

A

Triangular region of the bladder which is outlined by 3 openings

45
Q

Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary? What muscle is it composed of?

A
  1. Involuntary

2. Smooth muscle

46
Q

Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary? What muscle is it composed of?

A
  1. Voluntary

2. Skeletal muscle

47
Q

Is the urethra shorter in males or females?

A

Females

48
Q

What is the opening in which urine flows out of?

A

External urethral orifice

49
Q

What is the smooth transparent membrane that adheres tightly to the surface of the kidney?

A

fibrous capsule

50
Q

What is the function of the fibrous capsule?

A

prevents infections in surrounding areas from spreading to the kidneys

51
Q

The base of the medullary pyramids face what? Apex?

A
  1. Cortex

2. Pointed region that faces inner kidney

52
Q

Fingerlike extensions of the renal pelvis form what?

A

calyces

53
Q

What is the function of the calyces?

A

Collect urine draining continuously from the pyramid tips

54
Q

Ketone bodies in urine is called?

A

Ketonuria

55
Q

Proteins in urine is called?

A

Proteinuria/Albuminuria

56
Q

Bile pigments in urine is called?

A

bilirubinuria

57
Q

What is the arterial blood supply delivered to the kidneys by?

A

Renal arteries

58
Q

As a renal artery approaches the kidney it breaks up into 5 branches called:

A

Segmental arteries

59
Q

List the 6 of divisions of the renal artery.

A
  1. Rental artery
  2. Segmental artery (5)
  3. Lobar arteries (several)
  4. Interlobar arteries (which ascend toward the cortex in the renal column areas)
  5. Arcuate arteries
  6. Cortical radiate arteries
  7. Afferent arterioles
60
Q

Describe the path that the blood being drained out of the arteries take. (

A
  1. Cortical radiate veins
  2. Arcuate veins
  3. Interlobar veins
  4. Renal Vein
61
Q

What is different about the renal artery vs renal vein divisions.

A

There are no lobar or segmental veins

62
Q

What is larger in diameter, afferent or efferent arteriole?

A

afferent

63
Q

If urine becomes excessively concentrated, some of the solutes begin to precipitate or crystallize forming

A

kidney stones or renal calculi

64
Q

What are the 2 capillary beds of the kidney?

A
  1. Glomerulus

2. Peritubular capillary bed

65
Q

What is the glomerulus fed, and drained by?

A

Afferent/Efferent arterioles

66
Q

The peritubular capillary bed arises from the _____ ____.

A
  1. efferent arteriole
67
Q

What does the peritubular capillary bed empty into?

A

cortical radiate veins

68
Q

High pressure or Low Pressure:

  1. Peritubular capillaries
  2. Glomerulus
A
  1. Low pressure

2. High pressure

69
Q

The glomerulus _____ the filtrate, and the peritubular capillaries _____ most of that filtrate.

A
  1. produces

2. reabsorb

BIO 322- Anatomy & Physiology Lab (9 decks)

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