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BIO 322- Anatomy & Physiology Lab > Exam 2/Quiz 4- Physiology of the Muscular System > Flashcards

Exam 2/Quiz 4- Physiology of the Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Define Muscle Tension.

A

Force exerted by a contracting skeletal muscle against a load which exerts an opposing force

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2
Q

Define Motor Unit.

A

Nerve fiber + all muscle fibers it innervates

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3
Q

About how many muscles fibers per motor unit do intrinsic hand muscles have?

A

fewer than 10 muscle fibers

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4
Q

About how many muscles fibers per motor unit does the gluteus maximus muscle have?

A

100’s of muscle fibers

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5
Q

Do small specific muscles have many or less muscle fibers per motor unit? What about large muscles with general movements?

A
  1. Not many muscles fibers per motor unit

2. Many muscles fibers per motor unit

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6
Q

Define threshold stimulus.

A

Minimum stimulus strength required to initiate a contraction

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7
Q

When the threshold stimulus is reached, do the muscle fibers in a motor unit contract separately or simultaneously?

A

simultaneously

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8
Q

Graded contractions is the ability of a muscle to do what?

A

Ability of a muscle to contract in a smooth, sustained manner at various levels of strength

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9
Q

Define Tetanus.

A

sustained muscle contraction

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10
Q

What does “requirement of motor units mean”?

A

strength of the stimulus must increase to activate additional motor units

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11
Q

Does the muscle tension exceed the load (resistance), or is the muscle tension unable to overcome the load (resistance) created by the object in ISOTONIC CONTRACTION?

A

Muscle tension exceeds the load (resistance) created by the object

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12
Q

Does the muscle tension exceed the load (resistance), or is the muscle tension unable to overcome the load (resistance) created by the object in ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION?

A

Muscle tension is unable to overcome the load (resistance) created by the object

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13
Q

Do contracting muscles change in length, or do the contracting muscles not change in length in ISOTONIC CONTRACTION?

A

Contracting muscle changes in length

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14
Q

Do contracting muscles change in length, or do the contracting muscles not change in length in ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION?

A

Contracting muscles will not change in length

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15
Q

Does the object move in ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION?

A

NO

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16
Q

Although isometric contractions do not preform work, what are the important for?

A
  1. Maintaining posture

2. Stabilizing joints where movements are not desired

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17
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A
  1. Concentric Isotonic Contraction

2. Eccentric Isotonic Contraction

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18
Q

Which type of isotonic contraction are the muscles shortening in length?

A

Concentric Isotonic Contraction

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19
Q

Which type of isotonic contraction are the muscles increasing in length?

A

Eccentric Isotonic Contraction

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20
Q

Which type of isotonic contraction do muscles preform work by moving an object from one position to another?

A

Concentric Isotonic Contraction

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21
Q

Which type of isotonic contraction do muscles not typically cause an object to be moved?

A

Eccentric Isotonic Contraction

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22
Q

What type contraction acts in coordination with other muscles that contract concentrically?

A

Eccentric Isotonic Contraction

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23
Q

Give an example of isotonic contractions regarding the anterior arm muscles:

  1. Concentric Isotonic Contraction
  2. Eccentric Isotonic Contraction
A
  1. Biceps brachii contracts concentrically

2. Triceps brachii contracts eccentrically

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24
Q

When the biceps “bulge” what type of contraction is occurring?

A

Isometric contraction

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25
Which type of isotonic contraction can be said to be responsible for the forearm extending?
Eccentric Isotonic Contraction (muscle lengthens)
26
Which type of isotonic contraction can be said to be responsible for flexing?
Concentric Isotonic Contraction (muscle shortens)
27
How does a higher load affect contraction speed?
Contraction speed is slower with higher load
28
How does a higher load affect amount of shortening?
Amount of shortening is less with a higher load
29
Define motor unit recruitment.
Activation of increasing number of motor units
30
If a muscle contracts slowly and with little force what is happening with the amount of motor units recruited/activated?
Few motor units are recruited and activated
31
If a muscle receives more frequent nerve impulses what is happening with the amount of motor units recruited/activated? How does this affect the actual contraction of the muscle?
1. Additional motor units are recruited and activated | 2. Muscle will contract faster and with more power
32
Define Muscle Tone.
The residual state of contraction even when the muscle is at rest
33
Define Muscle Fatigue.
The physiological inability to contract due to the shortage of available ATP
34
When does muscle fatigue occur?
Occurs when metabolic production cannot keep up with demand & metabolic waste (lactic acid) is accumulating in the sarcoplasm.
35
Define Oxygen Debt.
extra oxygen needed to replenish: 1. oxygen reserves 2. glycogen stores 3. ATP 4. creatine phosphate reserves 5. conversion of lactic acid to pyruvic acid glucose after vigorous muscle activity.
36
What does lactic acid convert to?
pyruvic acid glucose
37
Define Static Flexibility.
Ability of a muscle to be held at length
38
Give an example of static flexibility.
To bend down to touch the floor and staying in that position
39
Define Dynamic Flexibility.
Ability of a muscle to stretch quickly without being held in a stretched position
40
Give an example of dynamic flexibility.
Bending down quickly to touch the floor and then springing back up
41
Is rang of motion (ROM) greater with static or dynamic flexibility?
Dynamic
42
In this unit, what are the 3 measuring instruments we used. Provide a clue as to what each one was.
1. Goniometer (protractor instrument) 2. Electromyography (EMG) 3. Dynamometer (black instrument being clenched during an electromyography)
43
How does greater flexibility affect range of motion?
Greater flexibility = greater range of motion
44
What does a goniometer measure?
An instrument to measure static flexibility
45
Define Abduction.
Move a limb laterally, away from the body
46
Define Adduction.
Move a limb towards the body
47
Define Circumduction.
Limb rotation
48
Is the radius and ulna parallel in pronation or supination?
Supination
49
Is the radius and ulna crossed in pronation or supination?
Pronation
50
Describe the palm in supination.
Palm is up
51
Describe the palm in pronation.
Palms are reserved/Palm down
52
Describe the toes in dorsiflexion.
toes up
53
Describe the toes in plantarfelxion.
toes down
54
What is the dorsum of the foot?
top
55
What is the plantar of the foot?
bottom
56
What does contraction of the skeletal muscle creates changes in? (hint: used for an EMG)
Contraction of the skeletal muscle creates changes in the electric potential in overlying regions of skin
57
An electromyography does what?
Detects & records cutaneous electrical activity caused by muscle contractions
58
What is the recording of an electromyography called?
Electromyogram (EMG)
59
What is a dynamometer used to measure?
An instrument that measures the force exerted by the contracting forearm muscles
60
What other instrument is a dynamometer used in conjunction with?
electromyography

BIO 322- Anatomy & Physiology Lab (9 decks)

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