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counseling psychology > Exam 2: Psychodynamic therapy, TLDP, and Person centered therapy > Flashcards

Exam 2: Psychodynamic therapy, TLDP, and Person centered therapy Flashcards

1
Q

theoretical orientation (part of psychodynamic theory)

A

a counselors philosophy about how problems develop and how these problems can be addressed through counseling ⇒ if you go into counseling/graduate school you will always be asked this
- many psychologists use integrative theoretical approaches

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2
Q

psychoanalysis

A

the original talk therapy that Freud practiced

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3
Q

psychodynamic therapy

A

based on some but not all of Freud’s ideas

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4
Q

who was Freud?

A
  • 1856-1939
  • earned MD at age 26
  • Developed psychoanalysis and its core concept
  • Considered the inventor of talk therapy
  • Based his theory on father figures and guilt inducing child rearing ⇒ model emerged when authority is expected
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5
Q

what are the freudian views of human nature? (2)

A
  1. deterministic
  2. stage based
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6
Q

deterministic view of human nature

A

our behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, biological drives, and sexual drives

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7
Q

stage based view of human nature

A

normally personality development is based on successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stage of development
- If you don’t move to the next phase it will likely cause problems for you overtime
- Deterministic and stage based

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8
Q

stages of human nature according to freudian views

A

oral (0-1), anal (1-3), phallic (3-6), latency (6-12), and genital (12+)

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9
Q

if all childhood stages are completed according to Freuds stage based model, then how should an adult behave? Which stages are the most important?

A

the pearson should be sexually matured and mentally healthy
- 1-3 are the most important

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10
Q

what are the 3 structural models of personality? (Freud)

A
  1. ID
  2. Superego
  3. Ego
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11
Q

what is your id?

A

it satisfies personal desires and uses pleasure principle
- No organization, where instincts originate
- Not logical or moral ⇒ functions in a persons unconscious

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12
Q

what is your superego?

A

represents parental values and societal standards ⇒ the ego ideal
- A person’s moral compass ⇒ the ideal person and strives for perfection
- Traditional ideals of society passed down from parents to children as an internalization

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13
Q

what is your ego?

A

mediates the Id-superego relationship and gives us the reality principle (self)
- Balances the needs between instincts and external environment
- Formulate plans to meet what needed

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14
Q

how does Freud divide the mind?

A

conscious and unconscious

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15
Q

unconscious mind definition (according to Freud)

A

can never be observed or studied directly but inferred by behavior
- Contains the Id
- Dream, free association, etc.
- Outside the sphere of conscious control for needs
- Important part of peoples development

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16
Q

conscious mind definition (according to Freud)

A

our thoughts and perceptions

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17
Q

preconscious mind definition (according to Freud)

A

contains our memories and stored knowledge
- superego and ego

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18
Q

how do problems develop according to psychodynamic theory?

A

conflict among the id, ego, and superego which creates anxiety

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19
Q

anxiety according to Freud

A

a feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires
- Overused defense mechanism ⇒ not healthy
- Getting stuck/fixated in an early psychosexual stage
- Can motivate us to action as well

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20
Q

ego defense mechanism

A

normal behaviors which operate on an unconscious level and tend to deny or distort reality

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21
Q

what are the 3 parts of the ego defense mechanism?

A
  • Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed
  • says we are not prepared enough for problems or emotional difficulties
  • Have adaptive value if they do not become a persistent way to avoid life issues
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22
Q

examples of ego defense mechanisms (8)

A
  • repression
  • denial
  • reaction formation
  • projection
  • displacement
  • sublimation
  • regression
  • rationalization
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23
Q

repression

A

unconscious exclusion of distressing and painful thoughts

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24
Q

denial

A

refusing to see or accept problems ⇒ stronger than repression

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25
Q

reaction formation

A

expressing the opposite of one’s true impulse

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26
Q

projection

A

attributing to others unacceptable desires ⇒ project what you think to another person (such as a partner)

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27
Q

displacement

A

directing energy towards a safe target
- Ex: Your boss makes you angry at work, but you cannot lose your temper, so when you go back home you yell at your family

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28
Q

sublimation

A

modifying a drive to acceptable social behavior
- Ex: being really angry at work so you go to the gym ⇒ most acceptable behavior for managing anger

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29
Q

regression

A

going back to an earlier phase of development due to fear ⇒ more common in transition stage
- Ex: a freshman who is homesick brings their stuffed animal for comfort

30
Q

rationalization

A

justification by intellectual reasoning

31
Q

how does change occur according to psychodynamic theory?

A
  1. Restructure personality
    - Strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality
  2. Develop new insights
    - Make the unconscious conscious
    - Assumption that increasing knowledge will lead to changes in behavior
  3. Identify and correct old, non functioning patterns of behavior
32
Q

psychoanalytic phenomena (3)

A
  • transference
  • countertransference
  • resistance
33
Q

transference

A

the projection of past significant others onto the therapist
- The client will react to the therapist because they remind them of someone
- Affects how they respond to the therapist

34
Q

countertransference

A

the therapists projection of feelings and emotions onto the clients
- Reaction by the therapist on the client because they remind them of someone
- May work against the material worked on in the sessions

35
Q

resistance

A

working against what we resist to talk about or think about

36
Q

psychoanalytic techniques (6)

A
  1. Maintaining the analytic framework
  2. Analysis of resistance
  3. Analysis of transference
  4. Free association
  5. Interpretation
  6. Dream analysis
37
Q

what is maintaining the analytic framework?

A

provide consist framework for therapy
- Trying to be as consistent and neutral as possible

38
Q

what is analysis of resistance?

A

helping the client become more aware of reasons for resistance
- Exploring anticipated anxiety in personal disclosure

39
Q

what is analysis of transference

A

therapist analyzes how the client is projecting onto them and how that relates to their development and relationship functioning
- Makes the process go from unconscious to conscious

40
Q

what is free association?

A

client recalls feelings or thought so they express unconscious aspects of their mind

41
Q

what is interpretation?

A

therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meaning of what is revealed

42
Q

what is dream analysis?

A

therapist uses the clients report of dreams to bring unconscious materials to light

43
Q

what is the therapist role in psychoanalytic theory? (6)

A
  • Understand the clients motives
  • Identify recurrent maladaptive patterns
  • Interpret thoughts
  • Help clients work through unsolved conflicts and gain insight
  • Function as the expert
  • Keep a neutral and anonymous thinker stance
44
Q

what is the client role in psychoanalysis theory? (2)

A
  • Be thoughtful and introspective
  • Be relatively passive and follow the therapist ⇒ the therapist is thought to drive a great deal of the progress
45
Q

pros of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy? (5)

A
  • first comprehensive theory of personality
  • Recognition of early childhood, past experiences
  • Recognition of family relationship’s importance
  • Coined term unconscious
  • Concepts have been borrowed by other theories
46
Q

criticisms of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy? (4)

A
  • Concepts are difficult to research and support empirically
  • Can be expensive, time consuming
  • Overemphasis on the role of insight
  • Less useful for crisis counseling
47
Q

contemporary (present) psychodynamic theory trends (5)

A
  1. experience from early and later life experiences are important
    - Ignoring the psycho sexual stages the way Freud saw them
  2. works within a time limited therapy ⇒ 10-25 sessions
    - May take a longer time period than other behavioral approaches used today
  3. targets one or more specific interpersonal problems
  4. assumes a less neutral stance, bigger emphasis on the alliance and empathy and the therapeutic relationship
  5. uses skills like interpretation and immediacy more than other therapies
48
Q

time limit dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP)

A

doesn’t use many of freud’s early ideas except that early relationships are formative and can lead to later experiences
- much briefer than traditional psychoanalysis
- Early relationships are formative, may form basis of maladaptive patterns

49
Q

how do problems develop according to TLDP?

A

clients have a cyclical maladaptive pattern
- has negative consequences for the client
- Viscous cycle the client is trapped in when they interact with others
- Develop from relationship with important figures early on

50
Q

cyclical maladaptive pattern

A

a way of relating to others which was adaptive at one point but currently affects the relationships in a negative manner

51
Q

what are the stages of a cyclical maladaptive pattern?

A

inflexible behaviors, self defeating expectation, dysfunctional responses from others, negative self appraisals (where each connects to the two on either side of each other)

52
Q

how should a therapist act when they have a client with a cyclical maladaptive pattern?

A

the therapist must not react the same way as the other people in the clients life
- Instead of withdrawing, they stay with the client and point out the ways in which they are pushing the therapist and others away
- Insight alone is not enough and corrective experience occurs more often than traditional psychotherapy

53
Q

how does change occur according to TLDP?

A

breaking the CMS ⇒ the therapist works with the client to break their pattern
- Corrective experience ⇒ an experience that disconfirms the clients fear
- Insight + corrective experience = change

54
Q

what is the therapist role in TLDP?

A

unlike in classic psychoanalysis, TLDP therapists is not a neutral observer of the client
- Monitor reaction to the client while avoiding being pulled into the CMP
- Countertransference as information

55
Q

what is the client role in TLDP?

A
  • more active and collaborative role
  • Open to interpersonal feedback from the therapist and be willing to talk about their relationship
  • Applies what they learn in the therapeutic relationship to outside relationships
56
Q

who was Carl rogers?

A
  • founder of person centered therapy ⇒ also called client centered, nondirective, humanistic, and Rogerian counseling
  • Reaction against psychodynamic therapy ⇒ the assumption that the therapist/counselor knows best
  • Therapy goals should be around the person not their problems
  • More positive view of people than Freud who thought people didn’t have free will themselves to make changes
57
Q

what is the main view of person centered therapy?

A

self actualization is the main view of person centered therapy and people gravitate to wanting to be their best selves

58
Q

what is the human nature view for person centered therapy? what are the 2 components?

A

human being possess positive goodness and the desire to be fully functioning
- All creatures strive to make the very best of their existence
- Humans are capable of making changes and living productive, effective lives
1. self theory
2. actual self

59
Q

self theory

A

a person’s perception of self and environment (shapes their perception) are reality for that person
- The environment is also important ⇒ i.e nurturing environments

60
Q

actual self definition and 2 components

A

when you do everything to the best of your ability ⇒ more realistic version
1. Improve your actual self to be closer to ideal
2. Work on understanding what a realistic ideal self could be

61
Q

how do problems develop in person centered therapy?

A

(incongruence and conditions of worth)
- Arises when people live by other people expectations
- When people conform to others wishes, they open up a gap between what they are striving to become and what they are (real self)
- The further the ideal self is from the real self the more alienated and maladjusted people become

62
Q

what is incongruence?

A

gap between ideal self and actual self

63
Q

what are conditions of worth?

A

conditions we think we must meet in order to be worthy of love
- These messages can come from many different places => Family, friends, community, society, global, etc.
- Can play a part in one’s self image

64
Q

how does change occur according to person centered therapy? (3)

A
  1. Congruence (genuineness): the therapist is genuine and real within the therapy relationship
  2. Unconditional positive regard (acceptance): the therapist displays a non-judgmental stance and warm acceptance to clients without any conditions for acceptance
  3. Empathy: understanding the client’s thoughts, feelings, and struggles from the client’s point of view
    (3 core facilitate conditions are necessary and sufficient for change)
65
Q

how should a person centered therapist help someone facilitate core conditions? (3)

A
  • provide a climate of safety and trust that facilitates positive, self directed growth, and decrease the gap between the ideal and the real self
  • Little to no emphasis on specific techniques
  • show sympathy
66
Q

sympathy vs empathy

A

acknowledging how a person is feeling ⇒ vs. empathy is feeling it with them

67
Q

what does person centered therapy look like in practice? (5)

A
  • Not technique oriented
  • Reflective of feelings
  • Active listening skills
  • Appropriate self disclosure
  • Here and now describing what’s going on in the room ⇒ immediacy
68
Q

what is the therapist role in person centered therapy? (3)

A
  • non-directive, supporting role in facilitating client growth => therapist does not choose specific goals for their clients
  • supports the client’s growth by creating the 3 facilitative conditions
  • show support through basic and advanced skills
69
Q

what is the client role in person centered therapy?

A

takes the lead in the change process
- On what is discussion
- Responsible for therapy outcomes

70
Q

strengths of person centered therapy => PCT (5)

A
  • rogers was a pioneer in shifting the therapist focus from an emphasis on technique and reliance on the therapist authority to that of the power of the therapeutic relationship
  • Provided excellent descriptions of effective therapeutic relationships
  • Helped promote client responsibility
  • Extensive research supports the effectiveness of PCT with a wide range of clients and problems of all age groups
  • Carl rogers opened the field to research ⇒ studied his own work
71
Q

weaknesses of person centered therapy (4)

A
  • Overemphasizes the relationship and gives too much responsibility to the client
  • More suitable for well functioning clients
  • Overemphasis on individualistic Western concepts
  • Clients may prefer more structured, directive counseling

counseling psychology (10 decks)

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