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counseling psychology > Exam 2: Feminist theory, Behavioral therapy, CBT > Flashcards

Exam 2: Feminist theory, Behavioral therapy, CBT Flashcards

1
Q

feminist theory of counseling

A

integrative model of psychotherapy practice informed by feminist political philosophies and analysis ⇒ range of political, ideological, etc. movement

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2
Q

components of feminist counseling (2 main + 5)

A
  1. The person is political
  2. Egalitarian therapeutic relationship
    - Emerged from grassroots movements ⇒ no single founder for this
    - Grounded in multicultural feminist scholarship
    - Attention on power dynamic in and outside therapy
    - aims to find equality ⇒ therapist and client toward strategies
    - Cultural and identity analysis of the client and the therapist
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3
Q

sex definition

A

the classification of people as male or female based on some biological characteristics

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4
Q

intersex definition

A

an individual whose combination of chromosomes, hormones, internal and external sex organs, etc. differs from the two traditionally prescribed patterns of male or female (1-2% population)
- Sex is not grounded in biological reality based on our bodies ⇒ range of biological characteristics

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5
Q

gender

A

socially constructed roles, behaviors, attitudes, and attributes

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6
Q

cisgender and transgender

A

Cisgender: a person whose gender aligns with their sex assigned at birth
- Assigned male at birth assumption = boy/man
- Assigned female at birth assumption = girl/woman
Transgender: a person who identifies as a gender other than their sex assigned at birth

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7
Q

sexism

A

system of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that devalue women and femininity while privileging men and masculinity ⇒ often discrimination on the basis of sex and gender
- It is a system and operates across all levels of society ⇒ individual, institution, interpersonal, ideological, etc. ⇒ harmful to all people including men

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8
Q

hysteria

A

first psychiatric disorder believed to arise only in women
- Anxiety, tremors, conversions, madness, etc.
- Has lead to skewed diagnosis for women ⇒ women have been stigmatized in psychology
- Relates to how gender norms have shaped what makes a person healthy or well
- Any deviations from expected norms were considered signs of mental illness ⇒ still happens

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9
Q

where was hysteria believed to come from?

A

caused by the uterus being contaminated ⇒ i.e could only affect women
- adherence to gender norms

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10
Q

how were institutionalized women analyzed/treated? (2)

A
  • Pathologization of emotions and behaviors were not matching gender norms
  • Psychopathology reinforces gender norms and/or sexually inappropriate behavior from men (sexual assault)
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11
Q

historical background of feminist therapy from 60s

A

consciousness raising groups ⇒ struggles with marginalization
- Not originally designed for therapy but became therapeutic

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12
Q

consciousness according to feminist theory

A

a marginalized persons awareness that their mistreatment is not because of their personal failings but occurs because they are a member of an oppressed and disenfranchised group(s)

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13
Q

historical background of feminist therapy from 70s

A
  • Aspects of consciousness groups started being infused into traditional modes of therapy
  • American Psychological Association (APA) begins to incorporate feminism
  • First created a task force which lead to funding of the division of psychology for women
  • Women of color were fundamental for this
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14
Q

historical background of feminist therapy from 80s

A
  • Individual feminist therapy became common
  • Exclusion of women of color/minority women ⇒ only incorporated white women
  • Movement away from androcentric theories - Androcentricity fails to account for the perspective of women
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15
Q

androcentric theories

A

male centered theories of development and psychology

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16
Q

historical background of feminist therapy from 90s

A
  • Re-focusing on diversity and multiple identities ⇒ calling for addressing broader diversity issues
  • Gender and sex are not dichotomous
  • No longer only focused on cisgender women ⇒ oppressions in general
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17
Q

modern feminist therapy (and 2 elements)

A

emphasize importance of diversity, social activism, and attention to interdependence of personal and social identities
1. person is political
2. egalitarian therapeutic relationship

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18
Q

the person is political definition

A

people’s experience is intrinsically linked to systems of oppression

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19
Q

egalitarian therapeutic relationship definition

A

focused on relationship between the role of the client and the therapist ⇒ the client is experienced, trustworthy, etc. about their own experiences

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20
Q

how do problems develop in feminist therapy? (2)

A
  1. problems develop within interpersonal, social, and economic contexts
    - Origin of problems is often outside the individual ⇒ patriarchy, obsession
    - Internalization of oppression and or socially prescribed rules of behaviors
    distress/dysfunction vs psychopathology
    - Feminist therapist avoid diagnosing as much as possible
  2. problems arise when coping strategies are no longer working in the current context
    - View symptoms as signs of resistance to experience of oppression and attempts to solve the problems of powerlessness
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21
Q

how does change occur in feminist therapy?

A

(empowerment)
- Helps clients develop a range of coping skills and behaviors that are freely chosen
- a powerful client knows what they think and thinks critically about their own thoughts about themselves and others ⇒ able to be effective in their lives and relationships with others
- Understand the choices available to them and make decisions that align with their values
- The therapist helps them understand how power functions in their lives ⇒ pathology lies in a cultural social context as well

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22
Q

empowerment definition

A

assisting clients in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of socialization processes ⇒ gender roles

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23
Q

techniques of feminist therapy? (4)

A

technically integrative from other theories
1. identify and label social location aka gender role analysis
2. political analysis
3. focus on the clients strengths
4. self disclosure

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24
Q

gender role analysis

A
  • Placing clients concerns in broader context ⇒ allows them to analyze their place in locations
  • Helps the client make their choice about what they want to do and how they feel
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25
Q

political analysis

A
  • Direct discussion of how political forces contribute to the clients distress and how someone or even the client might take part in changing the political structures
  • Contributes to empowerment because the client sees how they can use their agency to improve society
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26
Q

self disclosure

A

the therapist uses this appropriately to help contribute to the egalitarian relationship

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27
Q

therapeutic relationship in feminist therapy (3)

A
  1. Egalitarian in nature
    - Decisions with the client not for the client
    - Collaborative; client as expert
    - Recognized as individuals that bring their own expertise and knowledge to the relationship
  2. Encouraging
    - Therapists encourage clients to free themselves from roles that have been hindering
    - Self disclosure
  3. Safe, transparent ⇒ allows for power sharing
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28
Q

roles of the therapist in feminist therapy (3)

A
  1. Recognize and address inherent power imbalance
    - Educate the client about how power works in relationships
    - Take responsibility for maintaining boundaries
    - Give the power to the client whenever possible
  2. Earn the clients trust
  3. Be accessible
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29
Q

strengths of feminist theory (5)

A
  • Acknowledges and normalizes the impact of social forces on mental health and ability to make positive change
  • Client as co-expert
  • Orientation to social justice
  • Multicultural considerations
  • therapist always seeks to learn more
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30
Q

weaknesses of feminist therapy (3)

A
  • Difficulty to measure improvement compared to traditional therapies (Lack of empirical research)
  • The F-word ⇒ feminism has itself been stigmatized as a word itself; clients may have a reaction about the approach you take
  • Can be culturally biased => therapist must be careful not to impose their cultural values on a client
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31
Q

Behavioral therapy components (2)

A
  • insight oriented
  • action oriented
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32
Q

insight orientated behavioral therapy (3)

A
  • Emphasis: self awareness and understanding
  • Primary medium: verbal interventions
  • More attention to the therapeutic relationship and to process, interpretation, and insight
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33
Q

action oriented behavioral therapy (3)

A
  • Emphasis: relief of symptoms (result)
  • Primary medium: action with verbal processing
  • More attention to objective, scientific behavioral interventions, and outcome measures
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34
Q

underlying principles of behavioral therapy (4)

A
  • behavior is the product of learning
  • It can be unlearned and relearned
  • clients can change without insight into underlying dynamics and the origins of a psychological problem
  • Knowing there is a problem and knowing how to change it are different
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35
Q

behaviorism

A

the theory that psychology can be objectively studied through observable action

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36
Q

operant conditioning

A

subject learns behavior by associating it with consequences
- Voluntary behaviors are learned or conditioned through consequences
- Rewards and consequences make up the difference between behaviors
- Some studies shown that punishment can be associated with psychological impacts ⇒ controversy about how to use the principles

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37
Q

when you have positive stimulus and reinforcement what do you get?

A

add pleasant stimulus to increase/maintain behavior

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38
Q

when you have positive stimulus and punishment what do you get?

A

add aversive to stimulus to decrease behavior

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39
Q

when you have a negative stimulus and reinforcement what do you get?

A

Remove aversive stimulus to increase/maintain behavior

40
Q

when you have a negative stimulus and a punishment what do you get?

A

Remove pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

41
Q

classical conditioning

A

subjects learn to associate two unrelated stimuli with each other
- Specific responses are learned or conditioned by pairing a specific stimulus with a response

42
Q

how do problems develop in behavioral therapy? (4)

A
  • maladaptive behaviors are learned through learning processes => Operant conditioning, classical conditioning, being shown the models of the way things work, imitation
  • a person does not have skills in their repertoire to handle situations
  • Maladaptive behaviors are maintained by one’s environment (contingencies) and oneself
  • Contingencies
43
Q

contingency definition

A

the pattern of rewards and punishments we receive from our environment

44
Q

starting points of behavioral therapy (2)

A
  1. functional assessment
  2. ABC model
45
Q

functional assessment

A

attempting to determine the contingencies (patterns of reward and or punishment) maintaining problematic behavior
- What function does this behavior serve and how is it useful?

46
Q

ABC model

A

Antecedent ⇒ behavior ⇒ consequence

47
Q

how does change occur in behavioral therapy? (4)

A
  • Identify factors that influence behavior and find out what can be done about the problematic behaviors => the focus is on what to do about it
  • Eliminating problematic or maladaptive behaviors
  • Learning more effective behaviors
  • Encouraging clients to take an active role in the therapeutic process
48
Q

techniques and application of behavioral therapy (3)

A
  1. relaxation training
  2. skills training
  3. contingency contracts (token economy)
49
Q

relaxation training

A

method for coping with stress and becomes a habitual pattern to increase parasympathetic nervous system ⇒ decreasing sympathetic nervousness
- Progressive muscle relaxation training
- Has been applied to variety of problems from chronic pain to panic disorder

50
Q

skills training

A

learning a different repertoire of behaviors so that one can choose
- Helps clients develop/achieve skills in a specific realm ⇒ assertiveness, study skills, social skills, etc.
- May involve direct instruction and coaching, modeling, role playing, assessment, homework assignments

51
Q

contingency contracts

A

established with the client for behavior change
- operant conditioning assumptions
- Works well for children or people with severe mental illness due to lack of understanding in context

52
Q

exposure therapies in behavioral therapies (2)

A
  1. flooding
  2. systematic desensitization
53
Q

flooding

A

prolonged and intensive exposure to stimuli that evoke high levels of anxiety, without the opportunity to avoid them

54
Q

systematic desensitization

A

brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situations
- In-vivo desensitization ⇒ something real
- Imaginal desensitization
- Common problems addressed include phobias and panic disorder

55
Q

what’s the role of the behavioral therapist? (5)

A
  • Consultant, problem solver, educator
  • Directive and active (assigns homework)
  • Model desirable behavior
  • Assessment focused
  • Contemporary behavior therapy promotes collaborative through non-egalitarian relationship (Therapist is expert in techniques and client brings knowledge about self and own goals)
56
Q

role of the client in behavioral therapy (4)

A
  • Active role
  • High degree of responsibility and ownership for the counseling work
  • Set agenda, come with goals, develop and complete homework assignments
  • Must be motivated to change
57
Q

strengths of behavioral therapy (3)

A
  • Helps clients translate unclear goals into concrete plans of action
  • Wide variety of specific techniques
  • Strong empirical support for exposure therapies
58
Q

limitations of behavioral therapy (4)

A
  • Little focus on emotional aspect of clients lives
  • Deemphasizes client therapist relationship
  • Tends to focus on symptoms rather than underlying causes
  • Some clients may find the directive approach imposing
59
Q

what are the 2 theoretical approaches to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

A
  1. cognitive theory
  2. behavioral theory
    - most used and most widely studied psychotherapy
    - The situation and resulting thoughts and emotions will cause client symptoms
60
Q

what is the cognitive model?

A

central focus is thinking about our mood and emotional processing as well as physiological responses and behaviors
1. situation or event
2. automatic thought
3. reaction => emotional, physiological, behavioral

61
Q

extra components of the cognitive model (3)

A
  1. the situation need not always be an external event in one’s environment
    - Memories, thoughts, and emotions may promote automatic thoughts
  2. thought need not always be represented verbally in people’s minds
    - They may show up as images
  3. the automatic thoughts that people experience are not random
    - The thoughts come from a source such as past experiences or deeper thoughts
62
Q

rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) (3)

A
  • Albert ellis
  • Irrationality of thoughts
  • Therapist is highly directive, persuasive, and confrontive
63
Q

cognitive therapy (CT) (3)

A
  • Aaron beck
  • Automatic, problematic thoughts
  • Therapist and client collaborate to investigate the client’s thoughts
    → Aaron beck used words that are less strong and pathologically linked=> Recommended therapist to be more collaborative
64
Q

how do problems develop in CBT? (2)

A
  1. psychological problems are based on inaccurate or unhelpful ways of thinking
    - Cognitive distortions
    - Inaccurate thoughts are not consistent or based on reality
    - Unhelpful thoughts can be somewhat accurate but it is not helpful to have them
  2. psychological problems are based (partly) on learnt patterns of unhelpful behaviors
    - The problematic thoughts contribute to problematic behaviors a lot
    - Problematic thinking contributes to psychological distress
65
Q

cognitive distortions

A

systematic errors in thinking

66
Q

hierarchy of thoughts (3)

A
  • automatic thoughts
  • intermediate beliefs
  • core beliefs (scheme)
67
Q

automatic thoughts

A

thoughts or images that come up automatically or instantaneously in response to events
- occur so quickly they are not recognized by the client
- Impact of the thoughts on emotional and behavioral reaction can go unnoticed
- Some evaluation or judgment on our current situation

68
Q

intermediate beliefs

A

anything between automatic thoughts and core beliefs ⇒ rules, attitudes, assumptions

69
Q

core beliefs (schema)

A

one’s core belief system about people, events, and the environment

70
Q

cognitive distortions (9)

A
  • arbitrary inference
  • selective abstraction
  • overgeneralization
  • magnification
    -minimization
  • personalization
  • apologized thinking
  • mind reading
  • fortune telling
71
Q

arbitrary inference

A

draw conclusions with no supporting evidence

72
Q

selective abstraction

A

selecting attending to negative cues, neglecting the positive or more neutral ones

73
Q

overgeneralization

A

taking a localized or specific negative event and applying it globally

74
Q

magnification

A

over emphasizing the importance or magnitude of an event
- Overlaps with overgeneralization

75
Q

minimization

A

under emphasizing the importance or magnitude of an event

76
Q

personalization

A

attributing external events to oneself without evidence supporting a causal connection

77
Q

all or nothing/polarized thinking

A

manifests as an inability or unwillingness to see shades of gray
- Black and white thinking

78
Q

2 components of jumping to conclusions

A
  1. mind reading
  2. fortune telling
79
Q

mind reading

A

filling in the gaps of your knowledge by assuming what someone else’s thoughts are

80
Q

fortune telling

A

the tendency to make conclusions and predictions based on little to no evidence and hold them as truth

81
Q

why do people use cognitive distortions?

A

people try to use these to decrease stress but it is not helpful in the long run because life changes so often

82
Q

how does change occur in CBT? (3)

A
  • cognitive restructuring
  • Start from automatic thoughts because they are easier to identify as they come up in response to situations
  • The ultimate goals is to change core beliefs
83
Q

cognitive restructuring

A

identifying and changing thoughts that contribute to presenting problems

84
Q

socratic dialogue

A

a series of questions designed to help the client uncover the assumptions and evidence that underpin their thoughts
- Helps the client take a more objective perspective

85
Q

cognitive techniques in CBT (4)

A
  • socratic dialogue
  • thought challenging
  • downward arrow technique
  • dysfunctional thought record
86
Q

thought challenging

A

help the clients challenge their maladaptive thinking patterns ⇒ identify what the thoughts are

87
Q

downward arrow technique

A

help get the root of your negative thoughts and unhealthy beliefs about yourself
- Ultimate goal is to challenge core beliefs

88
Q

dysfunctional thought record

A

a self monitoring method used to assess clients thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of therapy

89
Q

behavioral techniques in CBT (2)

A
  • hypothesis testing
  • homework
90
Q

hypothesis testing

A

testing the validity of one’s thoughts and beliefs

91
Q

homework in CBT

A

specific activities to be done between therapy sessions
- Thought record, worry time

92
Q

roles the therapist in CBT (2)

A
  • Active, collaborative
  • Structures therapy to focus on identified goals
93
Q

roles of the client in CBT

A
  • Must be motivated to change
  • High degree of responsibility and ownership for counseling/change process
94
Q

strengths of CBT (5)

A
  • Discourages dependence on counselor
  • Teaches new methods for clients to continue after therapy ends
  • Concrete and clear ⇒ accessible to most
  • Brief and cost effective
  • Great deal of research support ⇒ easy to test because of concrete structure
95
Q

weaknesses of CBT (5)

A
  • Cannot be used effectively with individuals who have severe mental problems or severe cognitive limitations
  • Primarily emphasis os on thoughts, emotions are secondary
  • Difficult to implement when clients are not motivated
  • Danger to impose therapist own philosophy on clients
  • Cultural considerations

counseling psychology (10 decks)

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