Exam 1 Flashcards
types of psychologists
- Social worker
- School counselor
- Career counselor
- Substance abuse counselor
- Guidance counselor
- Clinical psychologist
- Counseling psychology
- Marriage and family counselor
define counseling
professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals
define counseling psychology
speciality within psych that focuses on personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan and pays attention to emotional, social, vocal, educational, health related, developmental, and organizational concerns through research, assessment, and intervention with people who have stable personalities
what are the primary roles of a counseling psychologist? (3)
- remedial => working with individuals/groups to remedy an existing problem
- preventative => anticipating and preventing problems from occurring
- educative developmental => helping people derive maximum benefits form their experiences across their lifespan
central values for counseling psychologists (7)
- prevention => prevent problems before they happen
- vocational => guidance about career choices
- scientist practitioner model => trained as researchers and clinicians
- psychological testing => assessments in their practice
- lifespan development => understand the whole person in the context
- strengths based approach => focus on strengths and optimal functioning
- social justice and diversity => emphasize social justice and diversity
clinical psychology
concerned with the study and treatment of abnormal or maladaptive behavior
industrial organization psychology
concerned with enhancing organizational effectiveness
school psychology
focused on identifying and treating children with learning difficulties
psychiatrists
focused on medical psychological intervention such as the prescription of medicine => MD
social work
focus more on context and attend to someone’s full social or situational life => less focused on psychological testing and research
PSY D
focused on clinical training and sometimes degrees focused on research
masters programs
receive less training in research, teaching, and assessment ⇒ Similar to Psy.D and focus on clinical work
forces that have influenced counseling psychology
- Social reform
- Mental hygiene movement
- Vocational guidance movement
- Social and economic world events
industrial revolution
period of change in agriculture, manufacturing, and technology
Dorthea dix
taught female inmates sunday school and recognized their mentally ill conditions => fought for moral and humane treatment of the mentally ill in state asylums
Clifford beers
put in an institution due to depression and paranoia and wrote about his experience in the mental health system to inspire the mental hygiene movement
National Mental Health Act (NMHA)
provided funds for research, treatment, and prevention for mentally ill people
national institute of mental health (NIMH)
established mental health as federal initiative
mental retardation facilities and community health centers construction act
established community center for mental health
national alliance for mentally ill
parents of children with mental illness were meeting and advocating for research and support
vocational guidance movement
professionals began to acknowledge the importance of helping people find careers that fit their skills => continued during WW1 where psychologists had testing and placement practices for military personnel
who wrote choosing a vocation which outlined the first theory of career counseling
Frank Parsons
key counseling psych dates
1946 established counseling psych and APA, 1949 scientist-practitioner model at boulder conference, and 1964 counseling psychologist journal founded
steps of counseling psychology (5)
intake, conceptualization, treatment planning, counseling/therapy, and termination where the 3 middle steps may be repeated
what are the goals of intake (3)
- explaining the parameters of counseling with informed consent, confidentiality, and payment
- gather information about the patient
- build rapport with the patient and establish relationship
intake form
information the patient gives the counseling psychologist based on questions for the first counseling session
conceptualization definition
hypothesis/understanding about why a client is behaving, feeling, and thinking the way they do and what led to the problem
diagnosis
describing and classifying the clinets concern like a label
treatment planning definition
developing a framework for the pateints treatment by presenting the problem, making SMART goals, knowing methods, and making time estimates
SMART goals
specific, measured, achievable, relevant, timed
counseling/therapy definition
the counselor and client work together on the goals set forth in treatment plans
termination definition
psychotherapy process is reviewed and goodbyes are said due to completion of goals, decision that its not worth continuing, therapist leaving, or referral to a different level of care
what should be talked about during termination sessions?
impressions of therapeutic progress, reviewing what was/wasn’t helpful, sharing hope, reviewing coping skills and signs to come back
4 factors of improvement in clients
- extratherapeutic factors like qualities of the client’s life/environment 40%
- specific techniques done by the therapist tailored to the treatment of problems 15%
- expectancy factors from clients about the effectiveness of their therapy 15%
- common factors shared across therapeutic approaches 30%
3 factors of the therapeutic alliance
- bond between the therapist and client of mutual trust, confidence, and acceptance
- goals of therapy that the client and therapist endorse collaboratively
- tasks from within the sessions that constitute the actual work of the therapy
clinical recommendations for alliances (4)
develop a good alliance early, attend to the alliance, expect the strength of the alliance to vary, monitor the clients perspective of the alliance to see if they withdraw or indicate their feelings
what are attending behaviors
orienting yourself physically and psychologically to the patient and showing you care
- face the other, head not, open posture, verbal following, speech, lean toward them, eye contact, relaxation (SHOVELER)
active listening
showing that you are listening to the client with open and closed questions
- open for deeper information and complex topics
- closed for clarification and short answers to end that part of the conversation
tangential
the client may bounce around from topic to topic irrelevantly
circumstantial
the client talks about things they are concerned about with too many details
basic skills of counseling (4)
- questioning, paraphrasing, reflection of feeling, summarizing
paraphrasing definition
the counselor rephrases the content of the clients message to convey understand or help crystallize what they say
reflection of feeling definition
verbal response to client emotions to make them feel understood or manage/discriminate feelings
summarizing definition
collection of 2+ paraphrases or reflections that condenses the clients messages for common themes and patterns, review progress, or pace the session and transition topics
advances counseling skills (5)
- advanced empathy
- confrontation
- interpretation
- self disclosure
- immediacy
advanced empathy definition
emotional content right under the surface taht client may not acknowledge
confrontation definition
noticing and commenting on inconsistencies in clients presentation ⇒ verbal, nonverbal, historical
interpretation definition
conveying to the client the therapists explanation or conceptualization of the concerns => use tentative language
self disclosure
sharing information about oneself to aid the client
immediacy definition
describing something as it occurs in session
cultural competence definition and components (3)
set of skills and knowledge that are necessary to deliver effective intervention to clients of different cultural backgrounds
1. awareness
2. knowledge
3. skills
cultural humility definition
a lifelong process of self reflect and self critique whereby the individual not only learn about another’s culture, but one starts with an examination of their own beliefs and cultural identities
culture definition
the belief systems and value orientations that influence customs, norms, practices, and social institutions => influences what people think is normal and can be dynamic
addressing model (9)
- Age and generational influences
- Developmental disabilities and other disabilities
- Religion and spiritual orientation
- Ethnic and racial identity
- Socioeconomic status
- Sexual orientation
- Indigenous heritage/tribal membership
- National origin
- Gender identity
intersectionality
framework for understanding how systems of oppression shape people’s experiences that emphasizes the importance of considering the interaction of multiple axes of social identity
racism
a system of oppression that privileges the dominant racial group over non dominant racial groups => prejudice + power
racial disparities in mental health care (5)
- Lack of diversity among providers
- Providers bias and lack of knowledge of - cultural issues (lack of cultural competence)
- Language
- District of clinicians/treatment
- Racism and discrimination in healthcare
psychological impacts of racism (4)
- Racism as a chronic stressor
- Anxiety, depression, trauma responses
- Self esteem, satisfaction with life
- Negative effects on physical health
race based traumatic stress definition and what does it cause (3)
traumatic response stemming from experiencing one time or ongoing racial prejudice, hate, or discrimination
- hypervigilance, numbness, avoidance
oppression fatigue definition
the emotional, psychological, spiritual, and physical exhaustion that comes from enduring micro and macro aggressions of personal and collective violence, rejection, inequities, discrimination, invisibility, and injustices caused by the systematic privileges of one group over another
levels of cultural competence (3)
systematic community level, agency institutional level, therapist client 1-1 level (composed of therapist and treatment sublevels)
cultural competence practices from Sue 2006
- scientific mindedness => forming and testing hypotheses
- dynamic sizing => flexibility in generalizing and individualizing
- I.e when and when not to individualize or generalize
- culture specific resources => having knowledge and skills to work with other cultures
culteral transference definition
when a client has a reaction to the counselor’s cultural characteristics
cultural countertransference definition
when the counselor has a reaction to the clients cultural characteristics
- white counselors: guild or discomfort trying to prove goodness
- colored: overidentification and desensitization
ethics definition
moral principles that govern persons or groups behaviors
ethical codes definition
outlines professional standards of behavior and practice for psychologists
privilege
- Unearned power
- Something that people are unaware of when they have it in a category
- Provide distinct cultural, social, and economic advantages
- Comes from gender, religion, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc.
- Most people have privilege in some identities but not all identities
mandatory ethics
deals with the minimum level of professional practice
apirational ethics
for practitioners who want to do the best for clients rather than simply meeting minimum standards
why have a code of ethics
- Ensure competent professional behavior
- Ensure understanding of expectation in the profession by members of the field and the general public
- Way to monitor own and others behaviors
- Standard for evaluation
criticisms of ethical codes
- Too specific and loses sight of larger principles
- Too lengthy and losses practicality
- Can’t keep up with the times
- Overly legalistic and focused on legal liability over clients needs
APA ethic principles (5)
- Beneficence and nonmaleficence: benefit those who they work and take care of to do no harm
- Fidelity and responsibility: establish a relationship of trust with those whom they work with
- Integrity: promote accuracy, honestly, and truthfulness
- Justice: equal treatment for all clients
- Respect for people’s right and dignity: respect the dignity and worth of all people and the right of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self determination
mandatory ethical standards (4)
- competence
- human relations
- privacy and confidentiality
- therapy
competence definition
the ability to provide services within the practice of psychology services => reasonable skill and safety and meet minimum standards of acceptance
limits to competence (4)
- Lack of knowledge or experience with presenting problem, population
- Impaired objectivity
- Biases, stereotypes
- Overidentification
- Distress or burnout
- Dysfunctional motivations ⇒ imposing one’s own belief on the clients without the motivation of benefiting the client
human relations (2)
- informed consent
- communication and collaboration
psychologists refrain from (5)
- Harassment
- Discrimination
- Multiple relationships
- Exploitive relationships ⇒ shouldn’t take advantage of them
- Conflicts of interest
privacy and confidentiality (4)
- Limits of confidentiality
- Disclosing information
- Consultation
- Recording
exceptions to confidentiality (5)
- Client poses a danger to others or self
- Child abuse or maltreatment of a vulnerable adult
- The information is made an issue in a court action
- Illicit substance use while pregnant
- Knowledge of abuse or exploitation by another health professional
therapy ethics (4)
- Informed consent
- Practice with multiple people
- Termination ⇒ don’t terminate early but don’t drag it out either
- Sexual boundaries with clients
