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counseling psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

types of psychologists

A
  • Social worker
  • School counselor
  • Career counselor
  • Substance abuse counselor
  • Guidance counselor
  • Clinical psychologist
  • Counseling psychology
  • Marriage and family counselor
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2
Q

define counseling

A

professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals

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3
Q

define counseling psychology

A

speciality within psych that focuses on personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan and pays attention to emotional, social, vocal, educational, health related, developmental, and organizational concerns through research, assessment, and intervention with people who have stable personalities

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4
Q

what are the primary roles of a counseling psychologist? (3)

A
  • remedial => working with individuals/groups to remedy an existing problem
  • preventative => anticipating and preventing problems from occurring
  • educative developmental => helping people derive maximum benefits form their experiences across their lifespan
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5
Q

central values for counseling psychologists (7)

A
  • prevention => prevent problems before they happen
  • vocational => guidance about career choices
  • scientist practitioner model => trained as researchers and clinicians
  • psychological testing => assessments in their practice
  • lifespan development => understand the whole person in the context
  • strengths based approach => focus on strengths and optimal functioning
  • social justice and diversity => emphasize social justice and diversity
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6
Q

clinical psychology

A

concerned with the study and treatment of abnormal or maladaptive behavior

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7
Q

industrial organization psychology

A

concerned with enhancing organizational effectiveness

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8
Q

school psychology

A

focused on identifying and treating children with learning difficulties

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9
Q

psychiatrists

A

focused on medical psychological intervention such as the prescription of medicine => MD

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10
Q

social work

A

focus more on context and attend to someone’s full social or situational life => less focused on psychological testing and research

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11
Q

PSY D

A

focused on clinical training and sometimes degrees focused on research

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12
Q

masters programs

A

receive less training in research, teaching, and assessment ⇒ Similar to Psy.D and focus on clinical work

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13
Q

forces that have influenced counseling psychology

A
  • Social reform
  • Mental hygiene movement
  • Vocational guidance movement
  • Social and economic world events
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14
Q

industrial revolution

A

period of change in agriculture, manufacturing, and technology

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15
Q

Dorthea dix

A

taught female inmates sunday school and recognized their mentally ill conditions => fought for moral and humane treatment of the mentally ill in state asylums

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16
Q

Clifford beers

A

put in an institution due to depression and paranoia and wrote about his experience in the mental health system to inspire the mental hygiene movement

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17
Q

National Mental Health Act (NMHA)

A

provided funds for research, treatment, and prevention for mentally ill people

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18
Q

national institute of mental health (NIMH)

A

established mental health as federal initiative

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19
Q

mental retardation facilities and community health centers construction act

A

established community center for mental health

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20
Q

national alliance for mentally ill

A

parents of children with mental illness were meeting and advocating for research and support

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21
Q

vocational guidance movement

A

professionals began to acknowledge the importance of helping people find careers that fit their skills => continued during WW1 where psychologists had testing and placement practices for military personnel

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22
Q

who wrote choosing a vocation which outlined the first theory of career counseling

A

Frank Parsons

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23
Q

key counseling psych dates

A

1946 established counseling psych and APA, 1949 scientist-practitioner model at boulder conference, and 1964 counseling psychologist journal founded

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24
Q

steps of counseling psychology (5)

A

intake, conceptualization, treatment planning, counseling/therapy, and termination where the 3 middle steps may be repeated

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25
Q

what are the goals of intake (3)

A
  • explaining the parameters of counseling with informed consent, confidentiality, and payment
  • gather information about the patient
  • build rapport with the patient and establish relationship
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26
Q

intake form

A

information the patient gives the counseling psychologist based on questions for the first counseling session

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27
Q

conceptualization definition

A

hypothesis/understanding about why a client is behaving, feeling, and thinking the way they do and what led to the problem

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28
Q

diagnosis

A

describing and classifying the clinets concern like a label

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29
Q

treatment planning definition

A

developing a framework for the pateints treatment by presenting the problem, making SMART goals, knowing methods, and making time estimates

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30
Q

SMART goals

A

specific, measured, achievable, relevant, timed

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31
Q

counseling/therapy definition

A

the counselor and client work together on the goals set forth in treatment plans

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32
Q

termination definition

A

psychotherapy process is reviewed and goodbyes are said due to completion of goals, decision that its not worth continuing, therapist leaving, or referral to a different level of care

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33
Q

what should be talked about during termination sessions?

A

impressions of therapeutic progress, reviewing what was/wasn’t helpful, sharing hope, reviewing coping skills and signs to come back

34
Q

4 factors of improvement in clients

A
  • extratherapeutic factors like qualities of the client’s life/environment 40%
  • specific techniques done by the therapist tailored to the treatment of problems 15%
  • expectancy factors from clients about the effectiveness of their therapy 15%
  • common factors shared across therapeutic approaches 30%
35
Q

3 factors of the therapeutic alliance

A
  1. bond between the therapist and client of mutual trust, confidence, and acceptance
  2. goals of therapy that the client and therapist endorse collaboratively
  3. tasks from within the sessions that constitute the actual work of the therapy
36
Q

clinical recommendations for alliances (4)

A

develop a good alliance early, attend to the alliance, expect the strength of the alliance to vary, monitor the clients perspective of the alliance to see if they withdraw or indicate their feelings

37
Q

what are attending behaviors

A

orienting yourself physically and psychologically to the patient and showing you care
- face the other, head not, open posture, verbal following, speech, lean toward them, eye contact, relaxation (SHOVELER)

38
Q

active listening

A

showing that you are listening to the client with open and closed questions
- open for deeper information and complex topics
- closed for clarification and short answers to end that part of the conversation

39
Q

tangential

A

the client may bounce around from topic to topic irrelevantly

40
Q

circumstantial

A

the client talks about things they are concerned about with too many details

41
Q

basic skills of counseling (4)

A
  • questioning, paraphrasing, reflection of feeling, summarizing
42
Q

paraphrasing definition

A

the counselor rephrases the content of the clients message to convey understand or help crystallize what they say

43
Q

reflection of feeling definition

A

verbal response to client emotions to make them feel understood or manage/discriminate feelings

44
Q

summarizing definition

A

collection of 2+ paraphrases or reflections that condenses the clients messages for common themes and patterns, review progress, or pace the session and transition topics

45
Q

advances counseling skills (5)

A
  • advanced empathy
  • confrontation
  • interpretation
  • self disclosure
  • immediacy
46
Q

advanced empathy definition

A

emotional content right under the surface taht client may not acknowledge

47
Q

confrontation definition

A

noticing and commenting on inconsistencies in clients presentation ⇒ verbal, nonverbal, historical

48
Q

interpretation definition

A

conveying to the client the therapists explanation or conceptualization of the concerns => use tentative language

49
Q

self disclosure

A

sharing information about oneself to aid the client

50
Q

immediacy definition

A

describing something as it occurs in session

51
Q

cultural competence definition and components (3)

A

set of skills and knowledge that are necessary to deliver effective intervention to clients of different cultural backgrounds
1. awareness
2. knowledge
3. skills

52
Q

cultural humility definition

A

a lifelong process of self reflect and self critique whereby the individual not only learn about another’s culture, but one starts with an examination of their own beliefs and cultural identities

53
Q

culture definition

A

the belief systems and value orientations that influence customs, norms, practices, and social institutions => influences what people think is normal and can be dynamic

54
Q

addressing model (9)

A
  • Age and generational influences
  • Developmental disabilities and other disabilities
  • Religion and spiritual orientation
  • Ethnic and racial identity
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Sexual orientation
  • Indigenous heritage/tribal membership
  • National origin
  • Gender identity
55
Q

intersectionality

A

framework for understanding how systems of oppression shape people’s experiences that emphasizes the importance of considering the interaction of multiple axes of social identity

56
Q

racism

A

a system of oppression that privileges the dominant racial group over non dominant racial groups => prejudice + power

57
Q

racial disparities in mental health care (5)

A
  • Lack of diversity among providers
  • Providers bias and lack of knowledge of - cultural issues (lack of cultural competence)
  • Language
  • District of clinicians/treatment
  • Racism and discrimination in healthcare
58
Q

psychological impacts of racism (4)

A
  • Racism as a chronic stressor
  • Anxiety, depression, trauma responses
  • Self esteem, satisfaction with life
  • Negative effects on physical health
59
Q

race based traumatic stress definition and what does it cause (3)

A

traumatic response stemming from experiencing one time or ongoing racial prejudice, hate, or discrimination
- hypervigilance, numbness, avoidance

60
Q

oppression fatigue definition

A

the emotional, psychological, spiritual, and physical exhaustion that comes from enduring micro and macro aggressions of personal and collective violence, rejection, inequities, discrimination, invisibility, and injustices caused by the systematic privileges of one group over another

61
Q

levels of cultural competence (3)

A

systematic community level, agency institutional level, therapist client 1-1 level (composed of therapist and treatment sublevels)

62
Q

cultural competence practices from Sue 2006

A
  1. scientific mindedness => forming and testing hypotheses
  2. dynamic sizing => flexibility in generalizing and individualizing
    • I.e when and when not to individualize or generalize
  3. culture specific resources => having knowledge and skills to work with other cultures
63
Q

culteral transference definition

A

when a client has a reaction to the counselor’s cultural characteristics

64
Q

cultural countertransference definition

A

when the counselor has a reaction to the clients cultural characteristics
- white counselors: guild or discomfort trying to prove goodness
- colored: overidentification and desensitization

65
Q

ethics definition

A

moral principles that govern persons or groups behaviors

66
Q

ethical codes definition

A

outlines professional standards of behavior and practice for psychologists

67
Q

privilege

A
  • Unearned power
  • Something that people are unaware of when they have it in a category
  • Provide distinct cultural, social, and economic advantages
  • Comes from gender, religion, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc.
  • Most people have privilege in some identities but not all identities
68
Q

mandatory ethics

A

deals with the minimum level of professional practice

69
Q

apirational ethics

A

for practitioners who want to do the best for clients rather than simply meeting minimum standards

70
Q

why have a code of ethics

A
  • Ensure competent professional behavior
  • Ensure understanding of expectation in the profession by members of the field and the general public
  • Way to monitor own and others behaviors
  • Standard for evaluation
71
Q

criticisms of ethical codes

A
  • Too specific and loses sight of larger principles
  • Too lengthy and losses practicality
  • Can’t keep up with the times
  • Overly legalistic and focused on legal liability over clients needs
72
Q

APA ethic principles (5)

A
  1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence: benefit those who they work and take care of to do no harm
  2. Fidelity and responsibility: establish a relationship of trust with those whom they work with
  3. Integrity: promote accuracy, honestly, and truthfulness
  4. Justice: equal treatment for all clients
  5. Respect for people’s right and dignity: respect the dignity and worth of all people and the right of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self determination
73
Q

mandatory ethical standards (4)

A
  • competence
  • human relations
  • privacy and confidentiality
  • therapy
74
Q

competence definition

A

the ability to provide services within the practice of psychology services => reasonable skill and safety and meet minimum standards of acceptance

75
Q

limits to competence (4)

A
  1. Lack of knowledge or experience with presenting problem, population
  2. Impaired objectivity
    • Biases, stereotypes
    • Overidentification
  3. Distress or burnout
  4. Dysfunctional motivations ⇒ imposing one’s own belief on the clients without the motivation of benefiting the client
76
Q

human relations (2)

A
  1. informed consent
  2. communication and collaboration
77
Q

psychologists refrain from (5)

A
  • Harassment
  • Discrimination
  • Multiple relationships
  • Exploitive relationships ⇒ shouldn’t take advantage of them
  • Conflicts of interest
78
Q

privacy and confidentiality (4)

A
  • Limits of confidentiality
  • Disclosing information
  • Consultation
  • Recording
79
Q

exceptions to confidentiality (5)

A
  • Client poses a danger to others or self
  • Child abuse or maltreatment of a vulnerable adult
  • The information is made an issue in a court action
  • Illicit substance use while pregnant
  • Knowledge of abuse or exploitation by another health professional
80
Q

therapy ethics (4)

A
  • Informed consent
  • Practice with multiple people
  • Termination ⇒ don’t terminate early but don’t drag it out either
  • Sexual boundaries with clients

counseling psychology (10 decks)

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