Exam 2, Preschool

Question 1

your own idea about specific areas of your life, like your ability in sports or physical appearance

Answer 1

Self-concept

Question 2

a global perception of self-worth; positive thoughts and feelings about oneself

Answer 2

Self-esteem

Question 3

children become more independent if their parents encourage freedom or they experience shame and self-doubt if they are over-protected or restricted; 18 months-3 years

Answer 3

Autonomy v. shame and doubt

Question 4

children experience both the desire to do things their own way and feeling incapable if they fail; 3-6 years

Answer 4

Initiative v. guilt stage

Question 5

a child’s sense of independent puporsefulness

Answer 5

Initiative

Question 6

the feeling of being able to do things successfully on your own

Answer 6

Self-efficacy

Question 7

a child’s need for continual reassurance and attention from adults

Answer 7

Emotional dependence

Question 8

a child’s need to be helped solving complex problems or difficult tasks

Answer 8

Instrumental dependency

Question 9

the idea that the self endures despite temporary disruptions in relationships

Answer 9

Self-constancy

Question 10

knowledge of cultural stereotypes regarding males and females

Answer 10

Gender-role concept

Question 11

labeling yourself as a boy or girl

Answer 11

Gender identity

Question 12

the understanding that gender is permanent despite superficial changes

Answer 12

Gender constancy

Question 13

acting unselfishly to aid someone else

Answer 13

Altruism

Question 14

the ability to experience the emotions of another person

Answer 14

Empathy

Question 15

hurtful behavior intended to get something someone else has

Answer 15

Instrumental aggression

Question 16

impulsive retaliation to another person

Answer 16

Reactive aggression

Question 17

behavior that inflicts unintentional harm

Answer 17

Agonism

Question 18

nonphysical acts such as social rejection or insults aimed at harming the social connection a person has to the group

Answer 18

Relational aggression; most common in girls

Question 19

unprovoked, repeated attacks on a victim unlikely to defend themselves

Answer 19

Hostile aggression

Question 20

the incorporation of standards of behavior into the self

Answer 20

Internalization

Question 21

blaming yourself when something goes wrong

Answer 21

Guilt

Question 22

feeling that others disapprove of you, blame you, or feel disappointed in you

Answer 22

Shame

Question 23

the ability to monitor your own and other’s feelings and use that information to guide thinking and actions

Answer 23

Emotional intelligence

Question 24

the ability to control emotional expression

Answer 24

Emotional regulation

Question 25

the ability to withhold a dominant response in order to express a non-dominant response, to regulate reactive tendencies; associated with externalizing

Answer 25

Effortful control

Question 26

to avoid becoming so upset that emotions get out of control and behavior becomes disorganized

Answer 26

Tolerating frustrations

Question 27

when children learn society's values through participation in family and community activities

Answer 27

Guided participation

Question 28

the area between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with assistance

Answer 28

Zone of proximal development

Question 29

thinking about things that are not really there

Answer 29

Mental representation

Question 30

language and pretend play

Answer 30

Symbolic thought

Question 31

the tendency to consider only one piece of information when multiple are releveant

Answer 31

Centration

Question 32

defining reality by surface appearance

Answer 32

Appearance-reality problem

Question 33

can exclusively contemplate the world from their own personal perspective, not from anybody else's

Answer 33

Egocentrism

Question 34

assuming that the world is unchanging and always in the state currently encountered

Answer 34

Static reasoning

Question 35

failing to recognize that reversing a process can restore things to the way they were before

Answer 35

Irreversibility

Question 36

the amount of an object remains the same despite changes in form

Answer 36

Conservation

Question 37

the process in which one state is changed into another

Answer 37

Transformation

Question 38

temporary sensitive support that helps children master a skill

Answer 38

Scaffolding

Question 39

the idea that numbers and names occur in a certain order as they are paired with certain objects

Answer 39

Stable order principle

Question 40

the last number in your sequence is the amount of numbers you have in front of you

Answer 40

Cardinal principle

Question 41

any set of objects is countable

Answer 41

Abstraction principle

Question 42

it doesn't matter what order you count things in, as long as you count each object

Answer 42

Order-irrelevant principle

Question 43

the ability to arrange things in a logical progression

Answer 43

Seriation

Question 44

the ability to infer the relationship between 2 objects by knowing their respective relationship to a third

Answer 44

Transitive inference

Question 45

any set that is treated the same in certain ways because they have features in common

Answer 45

Class

Question 46

the ability to spontaneously pull information out of long-term memory

Answer 46

Free recall

Question 47

Piaget's 3 mountain task

Answer 47

Cognitive egocentrism