Exam 2, Attachment & Language Flashcards
a permanent, lifelong tie to the primary caregiver
Attachment
What was the biggest transformation in developmental psychology?
Attachment theory
found that birds imprint on first moving object that they see
Konrad Lorenz
grandfather of attachment theory; loss of relationship with caregiver negatively affects children
John Bowbly
did the monkey test where they chose comfort over food
Harry Harlow
discovered qualitatively different different patterns of attachment between infants and mothers, based on levels of responsiveness of mothers; “strange situation”
Mary Ainsworth
When does attachment begin to form?
10-12 months
term for crying when the caregiver leaves
Separation distress
immediate joy response upon seeing caregiver
Greeting reactions
when a child explores more confidently when a caregiver is present
Secure-based behavior
What are the four behaviors we observe in the strange situation?
Proximity seeking, contact maintenance, resistance, and avoidance
most adaptive attachment style; able to explore because of knowledge of secure-based to return to; only engages strangers if mother is present; balanced when mother departs and returns
Securely attached
mother is inconsistent and engaged on her own terms; does not engage strangers or explore even when mother is present; extremely distressed upon departure and ambivalent upon mother’s return
Resistant/anxious attachment
mother is dismissive and disengaged; low exploration in all situations; treats all adults the same; shows little emotion/emotional attachment
Avoidant attachment
mixture of avoidance and resistance; usually occurs in cases of abuse of child or mother; dazed, apprehensive, confused
Disorganized attachment
a system of symbols
Language
the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences
Infinite generativity
how sounds are produced and perceived
phonology
meaning of words
semantics
the way/order in which words are combined
syntax
unit of meaning in word formation, such as tense
morphology
What and when is the first intelligible sound?
Cooing, at 1-2 months
when parents speak to children with simpler words and higher pitch
Infant-directed speech
When does babbling start?
Middle of first year
When do gestures start?
8 months
What and when is canonical babbling?
Intonations that sound like words, starting at 6 months
made-up words repeatedly/consistently used for the real word that they can’t pronounce yet
Protowords
a single word that stands for a whole phrase
Holophrase
when the child assumes that a word addressing the sum of something rather than an aspect of it, ex. a toy called red is the name of the toy
Whole object assumption
applying a definition too broadly to a word; ex. calling all 4-legged animals dogs
Overextension
applying a meaning too strictly to a word; ex. Mommy being the only Mommy in the world
Underextension
assuming that any object only has 1 name (ex a toy can’t be called both red and a truck at the same time)
Mutual exclusivity
vocabularies that include a high proportion of nouns, referring to things in the environment; fact and figures
Referential
vocabularies that use verbs to communicate feelings and desires; better communication; critical thinking
Expressive
When is the average time an infant has their first words?
13 months
the appropriate use of the context of language
pragmatics
Through what series of responses is a child’s attachment to the parent categorized?
Reunion behaviors-separation distress, greeting reactions, and secure-base behavior
