Exam 2, Attachment & Language

Question 1

a permanent, lifelong tie to the primary caregiver

Answer 1

Attachment

Question 2

What was the biggest transformation in developmental psychology?

Answer 2

Attachment theory

Question 3

found that birds imprint on first moving object that they see

Answer 3

Konrad Lorenz

Question 4

grandfather of attachment theory; loss of relationship with caregiver negatively affects children

Answer 4

John Bowbly

Question 5

did the monkey test where they chose comfort over food

Answer 5

Harry Harlow

Question 6

discovered qualitatively different different patterns of attachment between infants and mothers, based on levels of responsiveness of mothers; “strange situation”

Answer 6

Mary Ainsworth

Question 7

When does attachment begin to form?

Answer 7

10-12 months

Question 8

term for crying when the caregiver leaves

Answer 8

Separation distress

Question 9

immediate joy response upon seeing caregiver

Answer 9

Greeting reactions

Question 10

when a child explores more confidently when a caregiver is present

Answer 10

Secure-based behavior

Question 11

What are the four behaviors we observe in the strange situation?

Answer 11

Proximity seeking, contact maintenance, resistance, and avoidance

Question 12

most adaptive attachment style; able to explore because of knowledge of secure-based to return to; only engages strangers if mother is present; balanced when mother departs and returns

Answer 12

Securely attached

Question 13

mother is inconsistent and engaged on her own terms; does not engage strangers or explore even when mother is present; extremely distressed upon departure and ambivalent upon mother’s return

Answer 13

Resistant/anxious attachment

Question 14

mother is dismissive and disengaged; low exploration in all situations; treats all adults the same; shows little emotion/emotional attachment

Answer 14

Avoidant attachment

Question 15

mixture of avoidance and resistance; usually occurs in cases of abuse of child or mother; dazed, apprehensive, confused

Answer 15

Disorganized attachment

Question 16

a system of symbols

Answer 16

Language

Question 17

the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences

Answer 17

Infinite generativity

Question 18

how sounds are produced and perceived

Answer 18

phonology

Question 19

meaning of words

Answer 19

semantics

Question 20

the way/order in which words are combined

Answer 20

syntax

Question 21

unit of meaning in word formation, such as tense

Answer 21

morphology

Question 22

What and when is the first intelligible sound?

Answer 22

Cooing, at 1-2 months

Question 23

when parents speak to children with simpler words and higher pitch

Answer 23

Infant-directed speech

Question 24

When does babbling start?

Answer 24

Middle of first year

Question 25

When do gestures start?

Answer 25

8 months

Question 26

What and when is canonical babbling?

Answer 26

Intonations that sound like words, starting at 6 months

Question 27

made-up words repeatedly/consistently used for the real word that they can’t pronounce yet

Answer 27

Protowords

Question 28

a single word that stands for a whole phrase

Answer 28

Holophrase

Question 29

when the child assumes that a word addressing the sum of something rather than an aspect of it, ex. a toy called red is the name of the toy

Answer 29

Whole object assumption

Question 30

applying a definition too broadly to a word; ex. calling all 4-legged animals dogs

Answer 30

Overextension

Question 31

applying a meaning too strictly to a word; ex. Mommy being the only Mommy in the world

Answer 31

Underextension

Question 32

assuming that any object only has 1 name (ex a toy can’t be called both red and a truck at the same time)

Answer 32

Mutual exclusivity

Question 33

vocabularies that include a high proportion of nouns, referring to things in the environment; fact and figures

Answer 33

Referential

Question 34

vocabularies that use verbs to communicate feelings and desires; better communication; critical thinking

Answer 34

Expressive

Question 35

When is the average time an infant has their first words?

Answer 35

13 months

Question 36

the appropriate use of the context of language

Answer 36

pragmatics

Question 37

Through what series of responses is a child’s attachment to the parent categorized?

Answer 37

Reunion behaviors-separation distress, greeting reactions, and secure-base behavior