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A&P > Exam 2: Neuron Stuctures/Functions > Flashcards

Exam 2: Neuron Stuctures/Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Which ends of a neuron receive information?

A

Dendrites

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2
Q

What is another name for the cell body?

A

Soma

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3
Q

Is there myelination on the dendrites?

A

Not much if any

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4
Q

Which end of a neuron sends information?

A

Axon

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5
Q

T/F Axons are not myelinated

A

False

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6
Q

What is the node of Ranvier?

A

The nodes between the myelin sheath where sodium can jump from one to another

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7
Q

Is the end of the axon presynaptic or postsynaptic?

A

Presynaptic

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8
Q

Where is the axon hillock?

A

The beginning part of the axon

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9
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used at the axon hillock?

A

GABA

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10
Q

What does GABA do to the cell?

A

Increases chloride permeability into the area of the neuron, suppressing activity or putting on the “brakes”

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11
Q

What happens if we ignore GABA?

A

We will have over-the-top crazy levels of activity including seizures

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12
Q

T/F Postsynaptic neural connections can be excitatory and inhibitory

A

True

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13
Q

Where are excitatory neural connections found?

A

In areas where the dendrites are

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14
Q

Are dendrites more positive or negative than the average membrane potential?

A

Positive

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15
Q

Are inhibitory connections more positive or negative than the average membrane potential?

A

Negative

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16
Q

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system?

A

Astrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells
Microglia

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17
Q

Which supporting cells are the smallest?

A

Microglia

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18
Q

What is the most abundant type of glial cell?

A

Astrocyte

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19
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

They wrap around the true part of the blood brain barrier and provide a supporting structure. Astrocytes are helpful with maintaining electrolyte balance and repairing neurons after any neuronal injury.

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20
Q

Which nervous system do astrocytes support?

A

Central nervous system

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21
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Ependymal cells contain cilia which helps produce CSF and move the CSF to ensure it circulates around the brain and spinal cord in waves

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22
Q

What are microglia cells?

A

Microglia cells are cells that act as macrophages. They keep the area around the CNS clean and free of debris

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of neurons? (Hint: Schmidt said to only worry about 3 but there’s 4 in the PPT)

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Pseudounipolar
  3. Bipolar
  4. True Unipolar (NOT WORTH EXPLAINING) - not found in humans
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24
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Multipolar neurons have dendrites and connections with other parts of the CNS and play a role in decision making. They take lots of information and make a decision on whether to fire an action potential or not
Ex: Motor neurons or pain neurons that tell us to pull away from something painful

Think: decision maker

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25
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

Bipolar neurons are neurons that contain 2 projections and are designed to sense and pass along information as an action potential to another area of the brain

Think: Special sensory

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26
Q

Where do we find bipolar neurons?

A

Optic nerve; photoreceptors in the retina send messages through the optic nerve and create specialize senses

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27
Q

What are pseudounipolar neurons?

A

Neurons that make up the majority of sensory cells; the cell body (which mostly builds proteins and maintains things) does not make decisions and instead, it relays information from the dendrite to the axon and passes the information to the rest of the nervous system.

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28
Q

What are somatic sensory receptors?

A

Specialized structures designed to be good at sensing certain things

Somatic= can consciously sense, we are aware of it

Ex: Pain sensors, pressure sensors, etc.

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29
Q

What do free nerve endings do?

A

Sense Pain

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30
Q

What is another term for free nerve ending?

A

Nociceptor

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31
Q

Name 3 pressure sensors

A

Pacinian corpuscle, Meissner’s corpuscle, Golgi Tendon

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32
Q

What is a muscle spindle?

A

Stretch sensor that is woven into skeletal muscle that can confirm muscle contraction

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33
Q

Adaptation

A

A sensor’s ability to reset its baseline with prolonged exposure to a stimulus

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34
Q

Give an example of a a sensor that adapts to changing conditions

A

Baroreceptors readjusting to high blood pressure

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35
Q

What receptors undergo reverse adaptation? What does this mean?

A

Pain Receptors

The longer the pain is sensed, the worse the pain will feel

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36
Q

Another word for reverse adaptation

A

Sensitization

37
Q

Superior/ inferior

A

Head/ feet

38
Q

Dorsal/ Ventral

A

Back/ Front

39
Q

Anterior Posterior

A

Front/ Back

40
Q

Medial/ Lateral

A

Midline/ out to the side

41
Q

Rostral/ Caudal

A

Front and upper/ Lower and bottom

Ex: on a bird the beak is Rostral and the tail is Caudal

42
Q

Distal/ Proximal

A

Further from CNS/ Closer to CNS

43
Q

Superficial/deep

A

How close to the skin surface

44
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Separates left from right

45
Q

Coronal

A

Separates anterior from posterior

46
Q

Horizontal

A

Separates superior from inferior

ex: magician would split their assistant here

47
Q

Oblique

A

Separates at an odd angle

48
Q

Major components of the CNS

A

Brain
Brainstem
Spinal Cord

49
Q

Major divisions of the brain

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

(Waxman Table 1-1)

50
Q

Major subdivisions of the brain stem

A

Midbrain (mecencephalon)
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

51
Q

Function and location of Thalamus

A

“Relay center” in the middle of the brain, sends info where it needs to go

52
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

Sensory control

Ex: temperature sensors, infection sensors

53
Q

Four lobes of the brain

A

Frontal- thinking
Occipital- visual cortex
Parietal- sensory processing
Temporal- auditory processing

54
Q

Separates the frontal lobe from parietal lobe

A

Central Sulcus

55
Q

Separates the temporal lobe from parietal and frontal

A

Temporolateral Sulcus

56
Q

Runs from the front of the brain to the back of the brain and separates the left and right hemispheres

A

Longitudinal Fissure

57
Q

Major function of the corpus callosum

A

-Communication between the left and right sides of the brain

-highly myelinated

58
Q

Part of the brain for language comprehension

A

-Wernicke’s Area in the temporal lobe

-Sensory function

59
Q

Part of the brain involving word formation

A

-Broca’s area in the frontal lobe

-Motor function

60
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

Pre Central Gyrus- Just anterior to the central sulcus (most posterior portion of frontal lobe)

61
Q

Emotional centers of the brain

A

-Limbic System

-found in various areas of the brain

62
Q

Grey matter

A

-Contains less myelin
- Decision making centers
-Cell bodies make it show up darker than white matter

63
Q

White matter

A

-Contain much more myelin
- Transmitting centers

64
Q

What is a benefit of having the grey matter on the superficial portion of the brain?

A

Close to the brain vasculature

65
Q

Area in the grey matter that connects the left and right side of the spinal cord

A

Lamina 10

66
Q

Area of the white matter that provides cross over between left and right sides of the spinal cord

A

Anterior White Commissure

67
Q

Why is the anterior median fissure wider than the posterior?

A

The anterior spinal artery sits in the groove whereas the posterior does not have to make room for vasculature

68
Q

What structure does CSF move down the spinal cord in?

A

Central Canal

69
Q

Where information enters the spinal cord

A

-Sensory information goes into the dorsal horn (posterior)
-Cell bodies here have sensory function

70
Q

Where motor function leaves the spinal cord

A

-Ventral Horn (anterior)
- Cell bodies here have motor function

71
Q

What arteries supply the spinal cord arteries?

A

-Intercostal arteries

-Feed vessels near brain stem and upper neck

72
Q

How is spinal cord blood supply regulated?

A

Autoregulation

73
Q

How are the posterior spinal arteries oriented?

A

To either side of the posterior, one on the left and one on the right (2 total)

74
Q

When info flows into the spinal cord, how does the signal travel?

A

Enters horizontally through the rootlets, interacts with cell bodies in the dorsal horns (decision making area), crosses over to ascending (white) columns so it can flow up to the brain

75
Q

The anterior and posterior rootlets come together to form

A

Anterior and posterior roots that merge into the spinal nerve

76
Q

What makes the posterior root unique?

A

The spinal ganglion present due to collection of cell bodies (pseudo unipolar)

77
Q

Where are the anterior root cell bodies?

A

in the ventral horn

78
Q

How many cervical vertebra and corresponding spinal nerves are there?

A

-7 vertera
- 8 sets of nerves

79
Q

Where do C1 nerves exit the vertebra?

A

ABOVE C1 vertebra

80
Q

How many thoracic vertebra and sets of spinal nerves are there?

A

12

81
Q

How many lumbar vertebra and sets of spinal nerves?

A

5

82
Q

How many sacral vertebra and sets of spinal nerves are there?

A
  • At birth there are 5 separate vertebra that later fuse into 1
    -5 sets of nerves
83
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1 set

84
Q

Dermatome

A

Are of the body that each spinal nerve is specialized to innervate

85
Q

Lordosis

A

-Anterior curvature
- Physiologic in cervial and lumbar spine

86
Q

Kyphosis

A

-Posterior curvature
-Physiologic in thoracic and coccyx

87
Q

Scoliosis

A

Pathologic lateral curvature of the spine

88
Q

Weight supporting structure of the spine

A

Vertebral body

A&P (15 decks)

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